Polyamines are linear polycationic compounds that play a crucial role in the growth and development of higher plants. One triamine (spermidine, SPD) and two tetraamine isomers (spermine, SPM, and thermospermine, TSPM) are obtained by the transfer of the aminopropyl group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine and SPD. These reactions are catalyzed by the specialized aminopropyltransferases. In that respect, plants are unique eukaryotes that have independently evolved two enzymes, thermospermine synthase (TSPS), encoded by the gene ACAULIS5, and spermine synthase, which produce TSPM and SPM, respectively. In this work, we structurally characterize the ACAULIS5 gene product, TSPS, from the model legume plant Medicago truncatula (Mt). Six crystal structures of MtTSPS — one without ligands and five in complexes with either reaction substrate (SPD), reaction product (TSPM), or one of three cofactor analogs (5′-methylthioadenosine, S-adenosylthiopropylamine, and adenosine) — give detailed insights into the biosynthesis of TSPM. Combined with small-angle X-ray scattering data, the crystal structures show that MtTSPS is a symmetric homotetramer with an interdomain eight-stranded β-barrel. Such an assembly and the presence of a hinge-like feature between N-terminal and C-terminal domains give the protein additional flexibility which potentially improves loading substrates and discarding products after the catalytic event. We also discuss the sequence and structural features around the active site of the plant aminopropyltransferases that distinguish them from each other and determine their characteristic substrate discrimination.
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The X-ray crystal structure of the substrate binding pocket of cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP268A2, from Mycobacterium marinum, with the molecule pseudoionone bound in the active site. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Bell et al. show how the substrate becomes completely enclosed by the active site of the enzyme; for details see pages 705–722.
Crystal structure of thermospermine synthase from Medicago truncatula and substrate discriminatory features of plant aminopropyltransferases
Bartosz Sekula, Zbigniew Dauter; Crystal structure of thermospermine synthase from Medicago truncatula and substrate discriminatory features of plant aminopropyltransferases. Biochem J 28 February 2018; 475 (4): 787–802. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20170900
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