ATP-competitive inhibitors of PKC (protein kinase C) such as the bisindolylmaleimide GF 109203X, which interact with the ATP-binding site in the PKC molecule, have also been shown to affect several redistribution events of PKC. However, the reason why these inhibitors affect the redistribution is still controversial. In the present study, using immunoblot analysis and GFP (green fluorescent protein)-tagged PKC, we showed that, at commonly used concentrations, these ATP-competitive inhibitors alone induced redistribution of DAG (diacylglycerol)-sensitive PKCα, PKCβII, PKCδ and PKCϵ, but not atypical PKCζ, to the endomembrane or the plasma membrane. Studies with deletion and point mutants showed that the DAG-sensitive C1 domain of PKC was required for membrane redistribution by these inhibitors. Furthermore, membrane redistribution was prevented by the aminosteroid PLC (phospholipase C) inhibitor U-73122, although an ATP-competitive inhibitor had no significant effect on acute DAG generation. Immunoblot analysis showed that an ATP-competitive inhibitor enhanced cell-permeable DAG analogue- or phorbol-ester-induced translocation of endogenous PKC. Furthermore, these inhibitors also enhanced [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding to the cytosolic fractions from PKCα–GFP-overexpressing cells. These results clearly demonstrate that ATP-competitive inhibitors cause redistribution of DAG-sensitive PKCs to membranes containing endogenous DAG by altering the DAG sensitivity of PKC and support the idea that the inhibitors destabilize the closed conformation of PKC and make the C1 domain accessible to DAG. Most importantly, our findings provide novel insights for the interpretation of studies using ATP-competitive inhibitors, and, especially, suggest caution about the interpretation of the relationship between the redistribution and kinase activity of PKC.
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Research Article|
June 27 2007
Mechanism of membrane redistribution of protein kinase C by its ATP-competitive inhibitors
Hideyuki Takahashi;
Hideyuki Takahashi
1
1Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
1To whom correspondence should be addressed (email h-takahashi@asagi.waseda.jp).
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Hideo Namiki
Hideo Namiki
1Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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Publisher: Portland Press Ltd
Received:
March 01 2007
Accepted:
March 21 2007
Accepted Manuscript online:
March 21 2007
Online ISSN: 1470-8728
Print ISSN: 0264-6021
© The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Biochemical Society
2007
Biochem J (2007) 405 (2): 331–340.
Article history
Received:
March 01 2007
Accepted:
March 21 2007
Accepted Manuscript online:
March 21 2007
Citation
Hideyuki Takahashi, Hideo Namiki; Mechanism of membrane redistribution of protein kinase C by its ATP-competitive inhibitors. Biochem J 15 July 2007; 405 (2): 331–340. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20070299
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