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Retraction: Regulation of BAD by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is mediated via phosphorylation of a novel site, Ser155

Biochem J (2025) 482 (03): 179.

Published: 30 January 2025

... 13 01 2025 08 01 2025 15 01 2025 © 2025 The Author(s). 2025 This is an open access article published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY) . apoptosis Bcl-2 cAMP...

View articletitled, Retraction: Regulation of BAD by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is mediated via phosphorylation of a novel site, Ser155

Articles

The C-terminal sequences of Bcl-2 family proteins mediate interactions that regulate cell death

In Collection

Cell death and survival

Dang Nguyen, Elizabeth Osterlund, Justin Kale, David W. Andrews

Biochem J (2024) 481 (14): 903–922.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210352

Published: 10 July 2024

...Dang Nguyen; Elizabeth Osterlund; Justin Kale; David W. Andrews Programmed cell death via the both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways is regulated by interactions of the Bcl-2 family protein members that determine whether the cell commits to apoptosis via mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization...

View articletitled, The C-terminal sequences of Bcl-2 family proteins mediate interactions that regulate cell death

Articles

The concept of intrinsic versus extrinsic apoptosis

In Collection

Cell death and survival

Laura Lossi

Biochem J (2022) 479 (3): 357–384.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210854

Published: 11 February 2022

... are engaged by their ligands (the extrinsic pathway) or when BCL-2-family pro-apoptotic proteins cause the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (the intrinsic pathway). Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis lead to the activation of a family of proteases, the caspases, which...

View articletitled, The concept of intrinsic versus extrinsic apoptosis

Articles

Crystal structures of ORFV125 provide insight into orf virus-mediated inhibition of apoptosis

Chathura D. Suraweera, Mark G. Hinds, Marc Kvansakul

Biochem J (2020) 477 (23): 4527–4541.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20200776

Published: 03 December 2020

... ORFV125 homologous to B-cell lymphoma 2 or Bcl-2 family proteins, which has been shown to inhibit host cell encoded pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. However, the structural basis of apoptosis inhibition by ORFV125 remains to be clarified. We show that ORFV125 is able to bind to a range of peptides spanning...

View articletitled, Crystal structures of ORFV125 provide insight into orf virus-mediated inhibition of apoptosis

Includes: Supplementary data

Articles

The structural basis of Bcl-2 mediated cell death regulation in hydra

Suresh Banjara, Jaison D Sa, Mark G. Hinds, Marc Kvansakul

Biochem J (2020) 477 (17): 3287–3297.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20200556

Published: 10 September 2020

...Suresh Banjara; Jaison D Sa; Mark G. Hinds; Marc Kvansakul Apoptosis is regulated by evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways to remove damaged, diseased or unwanted cells. Proteins homologous to the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins, the primary arbiters of mitochondrially mediated...

View articletitled, The structural basis of Bcl-2 mediated cell death regulation in hydra

Articles

Therapeutics targeting Bcl-2 in hematological malignancies

Astrid Ruefli-Brasse, John C. Reed

Biochem J (2017) 474 (21): 3643–3657.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20170080

Published: 23 October 2017

...Astrid Ruefli-Brasse; John C. Reed Members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 ( BCL-2 ) gene family are attractive targets for cancer therapy as they play a key role in promoting cell survival, a long-since established hallmark of cancer. Clinical utility for selective inhibition of specific anti-apoptotic...

View articletitled, Therapeutics targeting Bcl-2 in hematological malignancies

Articles

Bax channel triplet: co-operativity and voltage gating

Shang H. Lin, Nuval Cherian, Benjamin Wu, Hyo Phee, Christy Cho, Marco Colombini

Biochem J (2014) 459 (2): 397–404.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20131441

Published: 28 March 2014

... Lipids. Cholesterol was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. apoptosis Bcl-2 dipole mitochondria planar membrane pore Recombinant full-length Bax was purified as reported previously [ 8 , 12 ]. Only the soluble protein was recovered from the bacterial lysate leaving any inclusion bodies...

View articletitled, Bax channel triplet: co-operativity and voltage gating

Includes: Supplementary data

Articles

Ca 2+ /S100 proteins inhibit the interaction of FKBP38 with Bcl-2 and Hsp90

Seiko Shimamoto, Mitsumasa Tsuchiya, Fuminori Yamaguchi, Yasuo Kubota, Hiroshi Tokumitsu, Ryoji Kobayashi

Biochem J (2014) 458 (1): 141–152.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20130924

Published: 20 January 2014

... proteins can interact with FKBP38 and regulate its function. In vitro binding studies demonstrated that S100A1, S100A2, S100A6, S100B and S100P specifically interact with FKBP38 and inhibit the interaction of FKBP38 with Bcl-2 and Hsp90. Overexpression of permanently active S100P in Huh-7 cells inhibited...

View articletitled, Ca 2+ /S100 proteins inhibit the interaction of FKBP38 with Bcl-2 and Hsp90

Articles

Structure-based analysis of VDAC1: N-terminus location, translocation, channel gating and association with anti-apoptotic proteins

Shay Geula, Danya Ben-Hail, Varda Shoshan-Barmatz

Biochem J (2012) 444 (3): 475–485.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20112079

Published: 29 May 2012

... of a second VDAC1 molecule. When the N-terminal region α-helix structure was perturbed, intra-molecular cross-linking was abolished and dimerization was enhanced. This mutant also displays reduced voltage-gating and reduced binding to hexokinase, but not to the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL...

View articletitled, Structure-based analysis of VDAC1: N-terminus location, translocation, channel gating and association with anti-apoptotic proteins

Articles

The Bcl-2 proteins Noxa and Bcl-xL co-ordinately regulate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis

Colins O. Eno, Guoping Zhao, Kristen E. Olberding, Chi Li

Biochem J (2012) 444 (1): 69–78.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20112023

Published: 26 April 2012

...Colins O. Eno; Guoping Zhao; Kristen E. Olberding; Chi Li Because the detailed molecular mechanisms by which oxidative stress induces apoptosis are not completely known, we investigated how the complex Bcl-2 protein network might regulate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Using MEFs (mouse...

View articletitled, The Bcl-2 proteins Noxa and Bcl-xL co-ordinately regulate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis

Includes: Supplementary data

Articles

Heat-shock proteins attenuate SERCA inactivation by the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2: possible implications for the ER Ca 2+ -mediated apoptosis

Elena S. Dremina, Victor S. Sharov, Christian Schöneich

Biochem J (2012) 444 (1): 127–139.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20111114

Published: 26 April 2012

...Elena S. Dremina; Victor S. Sharov; Christian Schöneich We have demonstrated previously that Bcl-2 and Bcl-2Δ21, a C-terminally truncated Bcl-2 sequence, inactivate SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase) 1 in isolated SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum), accompanied by a translocation...

View articletitled, Heat-shock proteins attenuate SERCA inactivation by the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2: possible implications for the ER Ca 2+ -mediated apoptosis

Articles

Phospholipase D1 mediates bFGF-induced Bcl-2 expression leading to neurite outgrowth in H19-7 cells

Sung Nyo Yoon, Kang Sik Kim, Ju Hwan Cho, Weina Ma, Hye-Jin Choi, Sung-Joon Kwon, Joong-Soo Han

Biochem J (2012) 441 (1): 407–416.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20110302

Published: 14 December 2011

...Sung Nyo Yoon; Kang Sik Kim; Ju Hwan Cho; Weina Ma; Hye-Jin Choi; Sung-Joon Kwon; Joong-Soo Han The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of PLD (phospholipase D) in bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor)-induced Bcl-2 expression and to examine whether overexpressed Bcl-2...

View articletitled, Phospholipase D1 mediates bFGF-induced Bcl-2 expression leading to neurite outgrowth in H19-7 cells

Articles

The life of a cell: apoptosis regulation by the PI3K/PKB pathway

Vincent Duronio

Biochem J (2008) 415 (3): 333–344.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20081056

Published: 15 October 2008

... tumorigenesis requires the Ras-binding site on p110α [ 8 ]. 1 email [email protected] 3 6 2008 11 8 2008 12 8 2008 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2008 Biochemical Society 2008 apoptosis Bcl-2 nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1...

View articletitled, The life of a cell: apoptosis regulation by the PI3K/PKB pathway

Articles

Bcl-2 overexpression prevents calcium overload and subsequent apoptosis in dystrophic myotubes

Olivier Basset, François-Xavier Boittin, Christian Cognard, Bruno Constantin, Urs T. Ruegg

Biochem J (2006) 395 (2): 267–276.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20051265

Published: 28 March 2006

... be responsible for the degeneration of muscle occurring in DMD. In the present study, we used subsarcolemmal- and mitochondrial-targeted aequorin to study the effect of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein overexpression on carbachol-induced near-plasma membrane and mitochondrial calcium responses in myotubes derived...

View articletitled, Bcl-2 overexpression prevents calcium overload and subsequent apoptosis in dystrophic myotubes

Articles

Pro-apoptotic Bid induces membrane perturbation by inserting selected lysolipids into the bilayer

Alexander GOONESINGHE, Elizabeth S. MUNDY, Melanie SMITH, Roya KHOSRAVI-FAR, Jean-Claude MARTINOU, Mauro D. ESPOSTI

Biochem J (2005) 387 (1): 109–118.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20041389

Published: 22 March 2005

...Alexander GOONESINGHE; Elizabeth S. MUNDY; Melanie SMITH; Roya KHOSRAVI-FAR; Jean-Claude MARTINOU; Mauro D. ESPOSTI Bid is a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family that regulates cell death at the level of mitochondrial membranes. Bid appears to link the mitochondrial pathway with the death receptor...

View articletitled, Pro-apoptotic Bid induces membrane perturbation by inserting selected lysolipids into the bilayer

Articles

Anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 interacts with and destabilizes the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA)

Elena S. DREMINA, Victor S. SHAROV, Keshava KUMAR, Asma ZAIDI, Elias K. MICHAELIS, Christian SCHÖNEICH

Biochem J (2004) 383 (2): 361–370.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20040187

Published: 08 October 2004

...Elena S. DREMINA; Victor S. SHAROV; Keshava KUMAR; Asma ZAIDI; Elias K. MICHAELIS; Christian SCHÖNEICH The anti-apoptotic effect of Bcl-2 is well established, but the detailed mechanisms are unknown. In the present study, we show in vitro a direct interaction of Bcl-2 with the rat skeletal muscle...

View articletitled, Anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 interacts with and destabilizes the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA)

Articles

Signalling of the M 3 -muscarinic receptor to the anti-apoptotic pathway

David C. BUDD, Elizabeth J. SPRAGG, Katie RIDD, Andrew B. TOBIN

Biochem J (2004) 381 (1): 43–49.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20031705

Published: 22 June 2004

... by the DNA-damaging agent, etoposide, is associated with a fall in the levels of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. This fall in Bcl-2 protein concentration can be attenuated by M 3 -muscarinic receptor stimulation. We conclude, therefore, that the M 3 -muscarinic receptor signals to the anti-apoptotic...

View articletitled, Signalling of the M 3 -muscarinic receptor to the anti-apoptotic pathway

Articles

Bax-induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria depends on alpha-helices-5 and -6

Gerd HEIMLICH, Alastair D. McKINNON, Katussevani BERNARDO, Dieter BRDICZKA, John C. REED, Renate KAIN, Martin KRÖNKE, Juliane M. JÜRGENSMEIER

Biochem J (2004) 378 (1): 247–255.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20031152

Published: 15 February 2004

... and expressed in Escherichia coli . The proteins were then purified in order to delineate the function of the transmembrane domain, the BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3) domain and the putative pore-forming α-helices-5 and -6. These proteins were used to analyse the mechanism of Bax-induced cytochrome c release from...

View articletitled, Bax-induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria depends on alpha-helices-5 and -6

Articles

Characterization of the anti-apoptotic mechanism of Bcl-B

Dayong ZHAI, Ning KE, Haichao ZHANG, Uri LADROR, Mary JOSEPH, Andreas EICHINGER, Adam GODZIK, Shi-Chung NG, John C. REED

Biochem J (2003) 376 (1): 229–236.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20030374

Published: 15 November 2003

...Dayong ZHAI; Ning KE; Haichao ZHANG; Uri LADROR; Mary JOSEPH; Andreas EICHINGER; Adam GODZIK; Shi-Chung NG; John C. REED Bcl-B protein is an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family protein that contains all the four BH (Bcl-2 homology) domains (BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4) and a predicted C-terminal...

View articletitled, Characterization of the anti-apoptotic mechanism of Bcl-B

Articles

Bcl-2 activates a programme of premature senescence in human carcinoma cells

Elvira CRESCENZI, Giuseppe PALUMBO, Hugh J. M. BRADY

Biochem J (2003) 375 (2): 263–274.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20030868

Published: 15 October 2003

...Elvira CRESCENZI; Giuseppe PALUMBO; Hugh J. M. BRADY The apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 has been shown to modulate cell-cycle progression, favouring a quiescent state over a proliferative state, in both normal and tumour cells. We show here that constitutive expression of Bcl-2 in human carcinoma cells...

View articletitled, Bcl-2 activates a programme of premature senescence in human carcinoma cells

Articles

c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated modulation of brain mitochondria function: new target proteins for JNK signalling in mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis

Hagen SCHROETER, Clinton S. BOYD, Ruhi AHMED, Jeremy P. E. SPENCER, Roger F. DUNCAN, Catherine RICE-EVANS, Enrique CADENAS

Biochem J (2003) 372 (2): 359–369.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20030201

Published: 01 June 2003

... the phosphorylation of mitochondrial Bcl-2 and Bcl-x L . Although the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) has been proposed to mediate the phosphorylation of Bcl-2/Bcl-x L the mechanisms linking the modification of these proteins and the release of cytochrome c remain to be elucidated. This study was aimed at establishing...

View articletitled, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated modulation of brain mitochondria function: new target proteins for JNK signalling in mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis

Articles

c-Myc potentiates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by acting upstream of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1) in the p38 signalling cascade

Katia M. DESBIENS, Réna G. DESCHESNES, Mireille M. LABRIE, Yan DESFOSSÉS, Herman LAMBERT, Jacques LANDRY, Kerstin BELLMANN

Biochem J (2003) 372 (2): 631–641.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20021565

Published: 01 June 2003

... only in cells with deregulated expression of c-Myc, but, in contrast with all features of apoptosis, this activation was not affected by Bcl-2. Remarkably, overexpression of an interfering mutant of the p38α isoform, but not p38β, blocked cisplatin-induced Bax activation or cytochrome c release...

View articletitled, c-Myc potentiates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by acting upstream of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1) in the p38 signalling cascade

Articles

Increased expression of the lipocalin 24p3 as an apoptotic mechanism for MK886

Zhimin TONG, Xuli WU, James P. KEHRER

Biochem J (2003) 372 (1): 203–210.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20021696

Published: 15 May 2003

... of bcl-2 or bcl-x L in FL5.12 cells inhibited apoptosis induced by MK886 as well as the enhancement of apoptosis by WY14643. Thus 24p3 is an MK886-inducible gene and may play an important role in MK886-induced apoptosis. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail [email protected]...

View articletitled, Increased expression of the lipocalin 24p3 as an apoptotic mechanism for MK886

Articles

Bax oligomerization in mitochondrial membranes requires tBid (caspase-8-cleaved Bid) and a mitochondrial protein

Xavier ROUCOU, Sylvie MONTESSUIT, Bruno ANTONSSON, Jean-Claude MARTINOU

Biochem J (2002) 368 (3): 915–921.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20020972

Published: 15 December 2002

...Xavier ROUCOU; Sylvie MONTESSUIT; Bruno ANTONSSON; Jean-Claude MARTINOU In response to various apoptotic stimuli, Bax, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, is oligomerized and permeabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane to apoptogenic factors, including cytochrome c . Bax oligomerization...

View articletitled, Bax oligomerization in mitochondrial membranes requires tBid (caspase-8-cleaved Bid) and a mitochondrial protein

Articles

Evidence for crucial electrostatic interactions between Bcl-2 homology domains BH3 and BH4 in the anti-apoptotic Nr-13 protein

Philippe LALLE, Abdel AOUACHERIA, Agnès DUMONT-MISCOPEIN, Martin JAMBON, Séverine VENET, Hélène BOBICHON, Pierre COLAS, Gilbert DELÉAGE, Christophe GEOURJON, Germain GILLET

Biochem J (2002) 368 (1): 213–221.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20020836

Published: 15 November 2002

...Philippe LALLE; Abdel AOUACHERIA; Agnès DUMONT-MISCOPEIN; Martin JAMBON; Séverine VENET; Hélène BOBICHON; Pierre COLAS; Gilbert DELÉAGE; Christophe GEOURJON; Germain GILLET Nr-13 is an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family previously shown to interact with Bax. The biological significance...

View articletitled, Evidence for crucial electrostatic interactions between Bcl-2 homology domains BH3 and BH4 in the anti-apoptotic Nr-13 protein

Includes: Supplementary data

Articles

Mitochondria-dependent and -independent mechanisms in tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis are both regulated by interferon-γ in human breast tumour cells

Carmen RUIZ-RUIZ, Abelardo LÓPEZ-RIVAS

Biochem J (2002) 365 (3): 825–832.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20020184

Published: 01 August 2002

... in the breast tumour cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB231. IFN-γ promoted TRAIL-mediated activation of caspase-8, Bcl-2 interacting domain death agonist (Bid) degradation, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) translocation to mitochondria, cytochrome c release to the cytosol and activation of caspase-9 in these cell...

View articletitled, Mitochondria-dependent and -independent mechanisms in tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis are both regulated by interferon-γ in human breast tumour cells

Articles

Phospholipase C-γ1 is required for cell survival in oxidative stress by protein kinase C

Xiao-Chun BAI, Fan DENG, An-Ling LIU, Zhi-Peng ZOU, Yu WANG, Zhi-Yong KE, Qun-Sheng JI, Shen-Qiu LUO

Biochem J (2002) 363 (2): 395–401.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3630395

Published: 08 April 2002

... cell lines treated with H 2 O 2 (1–5mM), but with low doses (50–200 μ M), PKC activation was considerably decreased in Plcg1 −/− cells. After treatment with H 2 O 2 , PKC-dependent phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and cell viability of Plcg1 −/− cells decreased dramatically and caspase-3-like activity...

View articletitled, Phospholipase C-γ1 is required for cell survival in oxidative stress by protein kinase C

Articles

Oxidation of pyridine nucleotides during Fas- and ceramide-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells: correlation with changes in mitochondria, glutathione depletion, intracellular acidification and caspase 3 activation

Patrice Xavier PETIT, Marie-Claude GENDRON, Nicolas SCHRANTZ, Didier MÉTIVIER, Guido KROEMER, Zofia MACIOROWSKA, Franck SUREAU, Steven KOESTER

Biochem J (2001) 353 (2): 357–367.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3530357

Published: 08 January 2001

...-oncogene Bcl-2, which encodes an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pore, delayed both the ∆Ψ m disruption and the depletion of NAD(P)H. Similar effects were observed with the pharmacological PT pore inhibitors, bongkrekic acid and cyclosporin A. Thus there appears to be a close...

View articletitled, Oxidation of pyridine nucleotides during Fas- and ceramide-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells: correlation with changes in mitochondria, glutathione depletion, intracellular acidification and caspase 3 activation

Articles

Regulation of BAD by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is mediated via phosphorylation of a novel site, Ser155

Jose M. LIZCANO, Nick MORRICE, Philip COHEN

Biochem J (2000) 349 (2): 547–557.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3490547

Published: 10 July 2000

...Jose M. LIZCANO; Nick MORRICE; Philip COHEN The interaction of BAD (Bcl-2/Bcl-X L -antagonist, causing cell death) with Bcl-2/Bcl-X L is thought to neutralize the anti-apoptotic effects of the latter proteins, and may represent one of the mechanisms by which BAD promotes apoptosis. A variety...

View articletitled, Regulation of BAD by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is mediated via phosphorylation of a novel site, Ser155

Articles

Bcl-2 accelerates retinoic acid-induced growth arrest and recovery in human gastric cancer cells

Hua-Kang CHOU, Show-Li CHEN, Chung-Te HSU, You-Chen CHAO, Yeou-Ping TSAO

Biochem J (2000) 348 (2): 473–479.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3480473

Published: 23 May 2000

...Hua-Kang CHOU; Show-Li CHEN; Chung-Te HSU; You-Chen CHAO; Yeou-Ping TSAO The role of Bcl-2 as an anti-apoptotic protein has been well documented. In the present work, we present evidence that Bcl-2 may also be involved in cell growth regulation. SC-M1 is an unique cell line which responds...

View articletitled, Bcl-2 accelerates retinoic acid-induced growth arrest and recovery in human gastric cancer cells

Articles

Reactive oxygen species activate a Ca2+-dependent cell death pathway in the unicellular organism Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Evelyn L. RIDGLEY, Zhao-hui XIONG, Larry RUBEN

Biochem J (1999) 340 (1): 33–40.

https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3400033

Published: 10 May 1999

... protease or proteasome activity. Moreover, trypanosomes expressing mouse Bcl-2 were not protected from ROS even though protection from mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS have been reported for mammalian cells. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca 2+ pathways can induce pathology in trypanosomes...

View articletitled, Reactive oxygen species activate a Ca2+-dependent cell death pathway in the unicellular organism Trypanosoma brucei brucei

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