... was validated by Sanger sequencing. bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) fibrosis Gremlin kidney epithelial cell Smad surface plasmon resonance (SPR) Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are glycosylated extracellular matrix-associated members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily...

... was activated by TGFβ at the transcriptional level. We show that this activation is mediated by the SMAD proteins, which are transcription factors specifically involved in the signalling of TGFβ superfamily members. NUPR1 promoter analysis reveals the presence of a functional TGFβ-response element binding...

... we show that TGF-β2 (transforming growth factor-β2) stimulates EndMT through the Smad, MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase], PI3K (phosphinositide 3-kinase) and p38 MAPK signalling pathways. Inhibitors of these pathways prevent TGF-β2...

... to subsequent phosphorylation and activation of downstream signal transducer R-Smads (receptor-activated Smads), reversible phosphorylation serves as a critical step to assure proper TGF-β signalling. The present article will review the current progress on the understanding of dynamic phosphorylation in TGF-β...

...Go KURATOMI; Akiyoshi KOMURO; Kouichiro GOTO; Masahiko SHINOZAKI; Keiji MIYAZAWA; Kohei MIYAZONO; Takeshi IMAMURA Inhibitory Smad, Smad7, is a potent inhibitor of TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) superfamily signalling. By binding to activated type I receptors, it prevents the activation of R...

... their signals via the intracellular signalling molecules Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4. These Smads contain conserved MH1 and MH2 domains separated by a flexible linker domain. Smad2 and Smad3 act as kinase substrates for the receptors, and, following phosphorylation, they form complexes with Smad4 and translocate...

...Guannan WANG; Jianyin LONG; Isao MATSUURA; Dongming HE; Fang LIU Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smads regulate a wide variety of biological responses through transcriptional regulation of target genes. Smad3 plays a key role in TGF-β/Smad-mediated transcriptional responses. Here, we show...

... promoter, named APP TRE (APP TGF-β-responsive element); secondly, although this effect is mediated by a transduction pathway involving Smad3 (signalling mother against decapentaplegic peptide 3) and Smad4, Smad2 or other Smads failed to induce the activity of APP TRE . We also observed that the APP TRE...

...- and Mad-related protein 3), inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated promoter activity. The suppressive activity of TGF-β on the MMP-9 promoter was abrogated by an inhibitory Smad, Smad7. The MMP-9 promoter contains a putative TIE (TGF-β inhibitory element). However, neither mutation nor deletion...

...Jianyin LONG; Guannan WANG; Dongming HE; Fang LIU Smad4 plays a key role in TGF-β (transforming growth factor β)/Smad-mediated transcriptional responses. We show that Smad4 is sumoylated both in vivo and in vitro . Recent studies showed that sumoylation of Smad4 regulated its stability...