... Society 2021 adenylate equilibrium adenylate kinase free magnesium membrane-bound h+-pyrophosphatase pyrophosphate ppi thermodynamic buffering Inorganic polyphosphates, the simplest form of which is pyrophosphate (PPi), were suggested as the first energy currencies in the origin of life...

...-diphosphate kinase starch synthesis sucrose synthase thermodynamic buffering Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium but they maintain the state of homeostasis, which can be reached via optimization of the balance of supply and demand in metabolic pathways [ 1 ]. An important role...

... efficient. adenylate equilibrium adenylate kinase (AK) free magnesium pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) pyrophosphate (PP i ) thermodynamic buffering Stress factors severely affect the energy state and ATP levels in living cells. Changes in ATP content and hence the cellular energy charge...