... ] describes a novel chemokine receptor which signals exclusively via β-arrestin and Nigel Bunnett [ 12 ] describes that targeting the internalized receptor in an endosome will alter the balance between G-protein and β-arrestin-mediated signalling. Bice Chini [ 13 ] and Patrick Sexton [ 14 ] review...

... are supported by G-protein-independent, β-arrestin-dependent signalling events. In the present article, we review current knowledge on structural and signalling properties of ACRs that are changing our view on this entire class of receptors from silent to endogenous β-arrestin-biased signalling receptors...

... in catalytic function, each isoform appears to serve a non-superfluous regulatory role. For example, a β-arrestin-sequestered subpopulation of the PDE4D5 isoform specifically regulates the phosphorylation of the β 2 -AR (β 2 -adrenergic receptor) by PKA (protein kinase A; also called cAMP-dependent protein...

...K.D.G. Pfleger; M.B. Dalrymple; J.R. Dromey; K.A. Eidne β-Arrestins 1 and 2 are ubiquitously expressed intracellular adaptor and scaffolding proteins that play important roles in GPCR (G-protein-coupled receptor) desensitization, internalization, intracellular trafficking and G-protein-independent...

... PDE4B and PDE4D pools, and at the level of phosphorylation of the β 2 Ar itself by AKAP79-tethered PKA, which is specifically regulated by β-arrestin-sequestered PDE4D5. However, in resting cells, we propose that PDE4 activity protects GRK2 from inappropriate phosphorylation by PKA that might have...

... isoform preferentially interacts with the signalling scaffold protein β-arrestin and is thereby recruited to the β 2 -AR upon agonist challenge. Delivery of an active PDE to the site of cAMP synthesis at the plasma membrane specifically attenuates the activity of a pool of PKA (protein kinase...

... is attenuated by β-arrestin-mediated desensitization and endocytosis, and by lysosomal targeting and degradation, which requires ubiquitination of PAR 2 . β-Arrestins also act as scaffolds for the assembly of multi-protein signalling complexes that determine the location and function of activated mitogen...

... acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Using the transient expression system of HEK-293 cells, we showed that the M 1 , M 3 and M 4 mAChRs are internalized into clathrin-coated vesicles and recycle back to the plasma membrane. This internalization pathway is dependent on the concerted action of β-arrestin, c-Src...