... an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain and cytoplasmic domain homologous with that of the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) family. Upon stimulation, TLR recruits the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) via the adapter MyD88, ultimately leading to the activation of nuclear factor-κB. Cytokine production in response...

... and activator of transcription 1 (‘STAT1’) tyrosine phosphorylation that was secondary to the autocrine/paracrine action of interferon (IFN)-β, an immediate early gene. In contrast, TLR2 agonists failed to activate IFN-β gene expression. TLR4-induced IFN-β mRNA was found to be MyD88- and PKR (double-stranded...

... as the transmembrane component of the lipopolysaccharide receptor, while TLR2 recognizes peptidoglycans from Gram-positive bacteria, lipoproteins and yeast. Although various microbial cell-wall components are recognized by different receptors, all of these responses are abrogated in MyD88-deficient cells...

...L. O'neill The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) signals via the Type-1 IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI), inducing an increase in the expression of many genes with roles in immunity and inflammation. The signalling pathways involve two adapter proteins, MyD88 and Tollip, which via two IL-1...