...Jon Stocks; Nick Gilbert Although the majority of RNAs are retained in the nucleus, their significance is often overlooked. However, it is now becoming clear that nuclear RNA forms a dynamic structure through interacting with various proteins that can influence the three-dimensional structure...

... kinase R (PKR), and the OAS-RNase L pathways. However, recent studies have demonstrated that SGs either negatively regulate or do not impact antiviral signaling. Instead, the SG-nucleating protein, G3BP1, may function to perturb viral RNA biology by condensing viral RNA into viral-aggregated RNA...

...Tycho Marinus; Toshana L. Foster; Katarzyna M. Tych RNA, a dynamic and flexible molecule with intricate three-dimensional structures, has myriad functions in disease development. Traditional methods, such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance, face limitations in capturing real...

... Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) . ageing protein biosynthesis ribosome RNA translation translational control Cellular ageing refers to the progressive deterioration of cellular functions over time, often leading to cell cycle arrest (senescence) or cell death [ 1–3 ]. Ageing...

... by which cells can generate subcellular microenvironments with specialized gene expression profiles. Particularly intriguing are recent findings that phase separation plays a role in certain RNA localization pathways. The burgeoning field of phase separation has revolutionized how we view cellular...

...Jeffrey M. Smith; Jarrod J. Sandow; Andrew I. Webb RNA-binding proteins are customarily regarded as important facilitators of gene expression. In recent years, RNA–protein interactions have also emerged as a pervasive force in the regulation of homeostasis. The compendium of proteins with provable...

...Elizabeth C. Gray; Daniel M. Beringer; Michelle M. Meyer Structured cis-regulatory RNAs have evolved across all domains of life, highlighting the utility and plasticity of RNA as a regulatory molecule. Homologous RNA sequences and structures often have similar functions, but homology may also...

... 14 Wu , Z. , Stone , J.D. , Štorchová , H. and Sloan , D.B. ( 2015 ) High transcript abundance, RNA editing, and small RNAs in intergenic regions within the massive mitochondrial genome of the angiosperm Silene noctiflora . BMC Genomics 16 , 938 10.1186/s12864-015-2155-3...

...Amber Riaz-Bradley Transcription in cyanobacteria involves several fascinating features. Cyanobacteria comprise one of the very few groups in which no proofreading factors (Gre homologues) have been identified. Gre factors increase the efficiency of RNA cleavage, therefore helping to maintain...

.... For a comprehensive explanation of these processes, see refs [ 1 , 3 – 5 ]. biomarkers exosome extracellular vesicle microvesicle RNA translation Alterations in the size, abundance and cargo of EVs have been reported in a wide variety of diseases, including common pathologies...

...Frank Curmi; Ruben J. Cauchi Gemin3, also known as DDX20 or DP103, is a DEAD-box RNA helicase which is involved in more than one cellular process. Though RNA unwinding has been determined in vitro , it is surprisingly not required for all of its activities in cellular metabolism. Gemin3...

...Tom Dendooven; Ben F. Luisi RNA acts not only as an information bearer in the biogenesis of proteins from genes, but also as a regulator that participates in the control of gene expression. In bacteria, small RNA molecules (sRNAs) play controlling roles in numerous processes and help to orchestrate...

... of the life-cycle of pre-mRNA and mRNAs in the nucleus and cytoplasm. PTBP1 has four RNA binding domains of the RNA recognition motif (RRM) family, each of which can bind to pyrimidine motifs. In addition, RRM2 can interact via its dorsal surface with proteins containing short peptide ligands known as PTB...

...Markus Ralser An RNA world has been placed centre stage for explaining the origin of life. Indeed, RNA is the most plausible molecule able to form both a (self)-replicator and to inherit information, necessities for initiating genetics. However, in parallel with self-replication, the proto-organism...

...Anna M. Hoy; Amy H. Buck miRNAs (microRNAs) are a class of small RNA that regulate gene expression by binding to mRNAs and modulating the precise amount of proteins that get expressed in a cell at a given time. This form of gene regulation plays an important role in developmental systems...

...Panagiota Kafasla; Ian Mickleburgh; Miriam Llorian; Miguel Coelho; Clare Gooding; Dmitry Cherny; Amar Joshi; Olga Kotik-Kogan; Stephen Curry; Ian C. Eperon; Richard J. Jackson; Christopher W.J. Smith PTB (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein) is an abundant and widely expressed RNA-binding protein...

...Marvin H. Caruthers Current methodologies used to synthesize DNA and RNA are reviewed. These focus on using controlled pore glass and microarrays on glass slides. 1 email [email protected] 31 8 2010 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2011 Biochemical Society 2011...

... short review, we first describe the structural and dynamic parallels with complex RNA structures, including the importance of sequence and ions in folding, and then we describe the biological consequences of the folded structures. We conclude that there are considerable parallels between secondary...

...W. Marshall Stark; Ben F. Luisi; Richard P. Bowater As the vital information repositories of the cell, the nucleic acids DNA and RNA pose many challenges as enzyme substrates. To produce, maintain and repair DNA and RNA, and to extract the genetic information that they encode, a battery...

... steps required for a protein to be generated from a gene, and groups who focus on gene expression normally study a single step such as regulation of transcription, mechanisms of RNA processing or control of translation. To address this, experts were brought together at the Gene Expression in Neuronal...

... in Nucleic Acid Detection and Quantification’, and the primary aim was to bring together scientists from different disciplines who nevertheless are trying to develop reliable methods for the quantification or detection of RNA and DNA molecules. This meant that physical and organic chemists, microbial...

... codon–anticodon pairing decoding ribosome RNA X-ray crystallography Ribosomes are large macromolecular assemblies consisting of approx. two-thirds by mass of RNA, with the rest being proteins. Given their molecular mass of approx. 2.5 MDa in bacteria, it was not clear whether it would ever...

...-transcriptional processing of RNA. This work involves the integration of a number of bioinformatics resources, from comparing annotations to processing images to determining the structure of transcripts. The rapidly growing datasets of GeneChips available to the community puts us in a strong position to discover...

... +/+ homozygotes born from Kit tm1Alf /+ heterozygotes maintain and transmit to their progeny the white-spotted phenotype characteristic of the mutant heterozygote. Our observation of unusual amounts of RNA in the sperm of the paramutated ( Kit *) males had led us to consider the possibility of RNA-mediated...

...K. F. Blount; O. C. Uhlenbeck The hammerhead ribozyme is a small RNA motif consisting of three helices that intersect at a conserved core. When correctly folded, the hammerhead ribozyme stimulates nearly complete cleavage of the phosphodiester chain at a defined internal site to give 2′,3′-cyclic...