... accessory domains that regulate GEF activity by controlling subcellular localisation, protein interactions, and often autoinhibition. This review focuses on the two phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P 3 )-dependent Rac exchangers (P-Rex), particularly the structural basis of P-Rex1...

... and signalling. Other important Norbin interactors are the Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor P-Rex1 and protein kinase A. Downstream signalling pathways regulated by Norbin include ERK, Ca 2+ and the small GTPase Rac. Here, we review the current understanding of Norbin structure, expression and its roles...

... 16 10 2020 © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society 2020 cancer guanine nucleotide exchange factor molecular basis of health and disease Rac Tiam1/STEF T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein 1 (Tiam1...

... by inhibiting the release of GDP and sequestering the GTPase away from membranes [ 1 ]. Cdc42 G-proteins Rac Rho-family signal transducers and activators of transcription transcription factors © 2020 The Author(s) 2020 This is an open access article published by Portland Press Limited...

..., deregulated degradation, and/or anomalous intracellular localization. More recently, cancer-associated gain-of-function mutations in Rac1 have been identified which contribute to tumor phenotypes and confer resistance to targeted therapies. Deregulated expression/activity of Rac guanine nucleotide exchange...

... physically interact with active RHOA subfamily members but not with those belonging to the RAC and CDC42 subgroups ( Figure 1 , point e) [ 1 ]. At the end of the stimulation cycle, RHO GTPases undergo the hydrolysis of the bound GTP molecules to go back to the inactive, GDP-bound state. This step...

..., and the dysregulation of Rho GTPases is associated with numerous human diseases and disorders. 1 email [email protected] 24 4 2012 © 2012 The Authors Journal 2012 actin cytoskeleton Cdc42 GTPase Rac Rho Rho GTPases constitute one of the five distinct families of the Ras superfamily...

... RhoA activity at the cell periphery also implicates RhoA in the regulation of membrane ruffling, the induction of which is a typical phenotype of activated Rac. Furthermore, these observations clearly show that RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 are all activated at membrane ruffles. In agreement...