... (PI3K) salt-inducible kinase (SIK) Toll-like receptor (TLR) Each of the major types of MAPK, i.e. ERKs (extracellular-signal-regulated kinases), p38 MAPKs and JNKs (c-Jun N-terminal kinases), play key roles in the inflammatory response to pathogens ( Figure 2 ). Activation of these kinases...

... Society 2012 cytokine immune system leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) Parkinson's disease receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) Toll-like receptor (TLR) Advances in genomic sequencing have led to the discovery of a number of genes in which mutations can predispose to familial PD...

... [email protected] ). 24 5 2011 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2011 Biochemical Society 2011 chlorinated phospholipid inflammation mass spectrometry oxidized phospholipid (oxPL) precursor ion scanning Toll-like receptor (TLR) DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine ER...

..., it appears that further work is needed to investigate the role of CFTR in the innate immune response and in modifying the pathogen–host interaction. cystic fibrosis inflammation lipid A lipopolysaccharide Pseudomonas aeruginosa Toll-like receptor (TLR) CF (cystic fibrosis; OMIM no. 219700...

... receptor mammalian protein–protein interaction trap (MAPPIT) signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) Toll-like receptor (TLR) Cytokines are small messenger molecules that are involved in cell–cell communication...

... correspondence should be addressed (email [email protected] ). 1 8 2007 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Biochemical Society 2007 agonist atherosclerosis cholesterol endothelial cell macrophage Toll-like receptor (TLR) In addition to our experiments, reviewed below...

... signalling pattern-recognition receptor retinoic-acid-inducible protein I (RIG-I) Toll-like receptor (TLR) vaccinia virus viral immune evasion The initially described ligands for TLRs were mainly of bacterial nature, such as LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and peptidoglycans. In recent years, it has...

... questions of TLR biology further. 16 8 2007 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Biochemical Society 2007 ectodomain homology modelling leucine-rich repeat lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Molecular Dynamics myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1...

... papillomavirus (HPV) interferon (IFN) Toll-like receptor (TLR) The papillomaviruses are small double-stranded DNA viruses which infect squamous epithelia (or cells with the potential for squamous maturation), inducing proliferative lesions, of which the humble skin wart is a typical example...

... Biochemical Society 2007 C-type lectin receptor (CTLR) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) NOD-like receptor (NLR) RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain (TIR) Toll-like receptor (TLR) As a starting point, we will first define the four receptor families. The trigger...

.... Studies with avian TLR can be applied to development of new approaches to control diseases of birds and is especially relevant to bird-borne zoonoses including avian influenza, Salmonella and Campylobacter . avian Toll-like receptor system chicken Toll-like receptor comparative immunology Toll-like...

... inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) intestine Toll-like receptor (TLR) Commensal bacteria have a significant role in the maintenance of IEC (intestinal epithelial cell) homoeostasis. For example, germ-free mice have reduced IEC proliferation compared with colonized mice [ 1 , 2 ]. Germ-free mice...

... (email [email protected] ). 29 8 2007 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Biochemical Society 2007 blood vessel cardiac myocyte endothelium nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) pattern-recognition receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR) There is now...

... ischaemic injury lipopolysaccharide (LPS) neuroprotection tolerance Toll-like receptor (TLR) tumour necrosis factor (TNF) Ischaemic tolerance in the brain (in which brief ischaemia increases resistance to subsequent injurious ischaemia) is a powerful adaptive defence that involves an endogenous...

... of increased iNOS and eNOS expression. damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) dendritic cell high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) ischaemia/reperfusion injury nitric oxide synthase Toll-like receptor (TLR) © 2006 The Biochemical Society 2006 10 8 2006 1 To whom...

..., a Biochemical Society Focused Meeting held at Novartis, Horsham, 3 February 2003 7 March 2003 © 2003 Biochemical Society 2003 Drosophila Toll-like receptor (TLR) dToll Abbreviations used: dToll, Drosophila Toll; LRR, leucine-rich repeat; IL(−1R), interleukin(−1 receptor...

...S. Akira; M. Yamamoto; K. Takeda Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the detection of invading pathogens within the body and the subsequent immune response. Individual TLRs recognize distinct microbial components. The TLRs are a type 1 transmembrane receptor that possess...