... ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis and thus cell growth, (3) antibiotics that target the cell wall by inhibiting peptidoglycan precursor synthesis and penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), and (4) antibiotics that directly bind to the cell membrane (inner and/or outer for Gram-negative bacteria) to induce...

.... Vaccines have controlled, and in some cases, eradicated global viral and bacterial infections with high efficiency and at a relatively low cost. Carbohydrates form the capsular sugar coat that surrounds the outer surface of human pathogenic bacteria. Specific surface-exposed bacterial carbohydrates serve...

... was enabled by the participation of University of Groningen in an all-inclusive Read & Publish pilot with Portland Press and the Biochemical Society. antimicrobials bacteria chemical biology NRPS RiPPs synthetic biology The rising emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens...

... of the proteins inserted into those membranes. They are synthesized by two main pathways, the so-called eukaryotic pathway, exclusively found in mitochondria, and the prokaryotic pathway, present in most bacteria and archaea. In the prokaryotic pathway, the first and the third reactions are catalyzed...

... lectin receptors. These lectins may contribute to initial recognition of bacterial glycans, thus providing an early defence mechanism against bacterial infections, but they may also be exploited by bacteria to escape immune responses. In this review, we will first exemplify bacterial glycosylation...

... synthesis rates. However, switches in the rates of synthesis can potentially reverse this discrepancy, leading to an averaged effect of near-synchronous synthesis. bacteria budding yeast DNA replication single-molecule microscopy Every cell needs to replicate its DNA for the genetic material...

... pathogens also encode phase-variable DNA methyltransferases that control the expression of multiple genes in systems called phasevarions (phase-variable regulons). The presence of phase-variable genes allows a population of bacteria to generate a number of phenotypic variants, some of which may be better...

...Bethany R. Jose; Paul P. Gardner; Lars Barquist Understanding how new genes originate and integrate into cellular networks is key to understanding evolution. Bacteria present unique opportunities for both the natural history and experimental study of gene origins, due to their large effective...

...Christoph Engl The expression level of a gene can fluctuate significantly between individuals within a population of genetically identical cells. The resultant phenotypic heterogeneity could be exploited by bacteria to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Noise is hence a genome-wide...

...Alevtina Mikhaylina; Amira Z. Ksibe; David J. Scanlan; Claudia A. Blindauer All organisms must regulate the cellular uptake, efflux, and intracellular trafficking of essential elements, including d-block metal ions. In bacteria, such regulation is achieved by the action of metal-responsive...

...Jeff Errington The peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall is a defining feature of the bacteria. It emerged very early in evolution and must have contributed significantly to the success of these organisms. The wall features prominently in our thinking about bacterial cell function, and its synthesis...

...Fariza Shams; Neil J. Oldfield; Karl G. Wooldridge; David P.J. Turner Moonlighting proteins constitute an intriguing class of multifunctional proteins. Metabolic enzymes and chaperones, which are often highly conserved proteins in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic organisms, are among the most...

... by the newly found Nanoarchaeota and Korarchaeota. 1 email karl.stetter@biologie.uni-regensburg.de 26 10 2012 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2013 Biochemical Society 2013 Archaea Bacteria cultivation evolution phylogeny thermophile Table 1 Examples of genes...

... ). Many of these are prokaryotic proteins homologous to those found in numerous organisms from cyanobacteria, eubacteria, protozoan parasites, fungi, plants and mammals [ 3 ]; the convenience of structure–activity studies in bacteria then illuminate the molecular mechanism of transporters in numerous...

..., 15–19 September 2003 19 September 2003 © 2004 Biochemical Society 2004 Bacteria Archaea Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota primer rRNA 16 S 218 Biochemical Society Transactions (2004) Volume 32, part 2 16S rDNA primers and the unbiased assessment of thermophile diversity G.C...

...D. Charlier Experimental data and in silico analyses of sequenced bacterial genomes indicate that arginine repressor (ArgR) proteins and their respective target sites are surprisingly well conserved in very diverse bacteria. Arginine regulation therefore constitutes an interesting model system from...