... of complexity that actively opposes degradation. This review will summarise recent developments regarding the composition and regulation of the recycling machineries and their relationship with the degradative pathways of the endosome. Correspondence: Tobias Zech ( tzech@liverpool.ac.uk ) 8 7 2020...

...Mintu Chandra; Amy K. Kendall; Lauren P. Jackson Retromer (VPS26/VPS35/VPS29) is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein complex that localizes to endosomes to sort transmembrane protein cargoes into vesicles and elongated tubules. Retromer mediates retrieval pathways from endosomes to the trans...

... through the complex dynamic transport network between the plasma membrane–endosome–lysosome–Golgi–endoplasmic reticulum are much more well-studied. How the intracellular organisation of the cell and inter-organellar contacts aid in orchestrating trafficking, as well as signal interpretation and modulation...

... complexes. STARD3 [StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein)-related lipid transfer domain-3] and its close paralogue STARD3NL (STARD3 N-terminal like) are involved in the formation of contacts between late-endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The lipid transfer protein (LTP) STARD3...

... there is such disagreement between groups. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed (email Anthony.morgan@pharm.ox.ac.uk ) . 12 11 2014 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2015 Biochemical Society 2015 NAADP TPC Ca 2+ lysosome endosome Ca 2+ mobilization from intracellular...

... of signalling by internalized receptors. Endosomal peptidases, such as ECE-1 (endothelin-converting enzyme-1), can degrade SP in acidified endosomes, which destabilizes signalosomes and allows receptors, freed from β-arrestins, to recycle and resensitize. By disassembling signalosomes, ECE-1 terminates β...

... should be addressed (email patel.s@ucl.ac.uk ). 4 8 2011 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2012 Biochemical Society 2012 calcium endosome lysosome membrane contact site nicotinic acid–adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) two-pore channel Central to the generation...

..., whole-organism physiology and development. In the present paper, I give a personal view of the role played by phosphoinositides in regulating the function of the endosomal network, and, in so doing, highlight some of the basic properties through which phosphoinositides regulate cell function. 1...

...J. Paul Luzio; Sally R. Gray; Nicholas A. Bright The delivery of endocytosed cargo to lysosomes occurs through kissing and direct fusion of late endosomes/MVBs (multivesicular bodies) and lysosomes. Live-cell and electron microscopy experiments together with cell-free assays have allowed us...

... ). 23 9 2010 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 Biochemical Society 2010 endocytosis endosome lysosome pathogen phagocytosis phagolysosome How a pathogen manipulates the host is an area of intense research, but identifying the targets of the pathogen proteins can...

...Daniel Metcalf; Adrian M. Isaacs ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) proteins were originally identified for their role in delivering endocytosed proteins to the intraluminal vesicles of late-endosomal structures termed multivesicular bodies. Multivesicular bodies then fuse...

.... This is achieved via the multiple stages of the endosomal system. AMPARs constitutively cycle through early endosomes and recycling endosomes to maintain synaptic receptor numbers. However, on induction of synaptic plasticity, subtle alterations are made to this cycle by the action of specific AMPAR-interacting...

...J. Paul Luzio; Michael D.J. Parkinson; Sally R. Gray; Nicholas A. Bright In mammalian cells, endocytosed cargo that is internalized through clathrin-coated pits/vesicles passes through early endosomes and then to late endosomes, before delivery to lysosomes for degradation by proteases. Late...

...Hazel Urwin; Shabnam Ghazi-Noori; John Collinge; Adrian Isaacs Mutations in the CHMP2B (charged multivesicular body protein 2B) gene that lead to C-terminal truncations of the protein can cause frontotemporal dementia. CHMP2B is a member of ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required...

...Hans-Martin Herz; Andreas Bergmann Class E Vps (vacuolar protein sorting) proteins are components of the ESCRTs (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) which are required for protein sorting at the early endosome. Most of these genes have been identified and genetically characterized...

...Suraj Saksena; Scott D. Emr The ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery plays a critical role in receptor down-regulation, retroviral budding, and other normal and pathological processes. The ESCRT components are conserved in all five major subgroups of eukaryotes...

...J. Paul Luzio; Siân C. Piper; Katherine Bowers; Michael D.J. Parkinson; Paul J. Lehner; Nicholas A. Bright In mammalian cells, there is evidence of cargo specificity in the requirement for particular ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) proteins to sort cargo into the luminal...

...Philip Woodman Mitogenic tyrosine kinase receptors such as the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) are endocytosed once they are activated at the cell surface. After reaching the early endosome, they are ubiquitinated within their cytosolic domain and are consequently sorted away from recycling...

...Guillaume Montagnac; Philippe Chavrier In mammalian cells, completion of cytokinesis relies on targeted delivery of recycling membranes to the midbody. At this step of mitosis, recycling endosomes are organized as clusters located at the mitotic spindle poles as well as at both sides of the midbody...

...J.P. Luzio; N.A. Bright; P.R. Pryor The passage of endocytosed receptor-bound ligands and membrane proteins through the endocytic pathway of mammalian cells to lysosomes occurs via early and late endosomes. The latter contain many luminal vesicles and are often referred to as MVBs (multivesicular...

...) cytokinesis endosome exocyst membrane traffic Rab11 Arf ADP-ribosylation factor FIP f amily of Rab11- i nteracting p roteins GFP green fluorescent protein RNAi RNA interference SNARE soluble N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor...

... that are recognized by effectors, and which effector interactions will be most important for a given Rab protein. We believe that certain interactions will be more important than others in terms of Rab stability and localization. Rab9 is present on late endosomes and is required for the transport of MPRs...

...P. Ponka; A. D. Sheftel; A.-S. Zhang Immature erythroid cells have an exceptionally high capacity to synthesize haem that is, at least in part, the result of the unique control of iron metabolism in these cells. In erythroid cells the vast majority of Fe released from endosomes must cross both...

..., and it shares structural similarity with Vps27p, which is involved in vacuolar protein sorting in yeast. Since Hrs is localized to endosomes and has been implicated in the regulation of signal transduction as well as membrane trafficking, it has been regarded as a potential co-ordinator of endosomal receptor...