... The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society 2020 exosome extracellular matrix extracellular vesicles matrix vesicles The existence of lipid bilayer-enclosed particles in the extracellular space of multicellular organisms has been observed...

... and lysosomal pathways in different types of cells. A subset of late endosomes harbor intraluminal vesicles that can be secreted into the extracellular milieu. These extracellular vesicles, called exosomes, package LRRK2 protein for transport outside the cell into easily accessed biofluids. Both the cytoplasmic...

... into three broad categories in eukaryotes: exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies [ 1 , 2 ], determined by their differing methods of biogenesis. In the prokaryotic domain, Gram-negative bacteria commonly release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which, like the eukaryotic EVs, mediate diverse biological...

...Vanessa Khemici; Patrick Linder RNA molecules have the tendency to fold into complex structures or to associate with complementary RNAs that exoribonucleases have difficulties processing or degrading. Therefore, degradosomes in bacteria and organelles as well as exosomes in eukaryotes have teamed...

...Phil Mitchell The exosome ribonuclease complex functions in both the limited trimming of the 3′-ends of nuclear substrates during RNA processing events and the complete destruction of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs. The two RNases of the eukaryotic exosome, Rrp44 (rRNA-processing protein 44) and Rrp6...

... (quality control) mechanisms that identify erroneous transcripts and initiate their selective removal. Nucleases including Xrn2/Rat1 and the nuclear exosome have been shown to play an important role in the turnover of aberrant mRNAs. Recently, with the growing appreciation that mRNA processing occurs...

...Jameel M. Inal; Una Fairbrother; Sheelagh Heugh The important roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of various diseases are rapidly being elucidated. As important vehicles of intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles, which comprise microvesicles and exosomes, are revealing...

...Mathilde Chivet; Charlotte Javalet; Fiona Hemming; Karin Pernet-Gallay; Karine Laulagnier; Sandrine Fraboulet; Rémy Sadoul Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles which stem from endosomes fusing with the plasma membrane; they contain lipids, proteins and RNAs that are able to modify receiving...

...Jr-Ming Yang; Stephen J. Gould Proteins bud from cells in small single-membraned vesicles (~50–250 nm) that have the same topology as the cell. Known variously as exosomes and microvesicles (EMVs), these extracellular organelles are enriched for specific proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic...

... for retroviral transmission and one type of extracellular vesicle, the exosome, has been implicated in HIV-1 transmission. HIV-1 also takes advantage of depolymerization of actin for spread between T-cells. Calpain-mediated depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, as a result of increases in intracellular...

... molecules or more complex structures called membrane vesicles, enclosing soluble factors within a lipid bilayer. A variety of extracellular membrane vesicles have been described, for instance microvesicles, ectosomes and a subtype called exosomes. The role of exosomes in tumour progression has been studied...

... be addressed (email [email protected] ). 18 9 2012 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2013 Biochemical Society 2013 exosome gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) imatinib microparticle microvesicle For isolation of NVs, 2.7 ml of blood was taken by vein...

...-to-cell communication Leukemia 2006 20 1487 1495 2 Belting M. Wittrup A. Nanotubes, exosomes, and nucleic acid-binding peptides provide novel mechanisms of intercellular communication in eukaryotic cells: implications in health and disease J. Cell Biol. 2008 183 1187 1191...

... therapy have been attributed to soluble factors released from stem cells. In this context, MVs (microvesicles) released as exosomes from the endosomal compartment, or as shedding vesicles from the cell surface, may play a relevant role in the intercellular communication between stem and injured cells...

...Poliana Deolindo; Ingrid Evans-Osses; Marcel Ivan Ramirez Cells release extracellular vesicles in response to external factors or in a physiological way. Microvesicles and exosomes originate in cells in different ways and, depending on their contents, may have multiple biological effects on other...

...Jameel M. Inal; Ephraim A. Ansa-Addo; Sigrun Lange The release of extracellular vesicles, whether MVs (microvesicles) or exosomes, from host cells or intracellular pathogens is likely to play a significant role in the infection process. Host MVs may fuse with pathogen surfaces to deliver host...

...://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/ ) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. cancer exosome invasion migration Rab GTPase tumour microenvironment Rab proteins are part of the large Ras superfamily...

... [email protected] ). 26 3 2012 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2012 Biochemical Society 2012 biomarker chronic kidney disease (CKD) exosome microRNA (miRNA) urine Microvesicles are formed by outward budding of the plasma membrane, while exosomes are manufactured within...

... recognized as aberrant by the RNA surveillance machinery. The exosome, a conserved multiprotein complex containing two nucleases, is involved in both the 3′ processing and the turnover of many RNAs in the cell. A series of factors, including the TRAMP (Trf4–Air2–Mtr4 polyadenylation) complex, Mpp6 and Rrp47...

...Sanyukta Rana; Margot Zöller Exosomes are derived from limiting membranes of MVBs (multivesicular bodies). They carry and transfer selected membrane and cytoplasmic proteins, mRNA and microRNA into target cells. It is due to this shipping of information that exosomes are considered to be the most...

... pathway has been determined, factors that facilitate this and/or function in quality control of the RNA are poorly understood. In the present paper, the SRP assembly pathway is summarized, and evidence for the involvement of both the Rex1p and nuclear exosome nucleases and the TRAMP (Trf4–Air2–Mtr4p...

...Sophia Hartung; Karl-Peter Hopfner The RNA exosome is a multisubunit exonuclease involved in numerous RNA maturation and degradation processes. Exosomes are found in eukaryotes and archaea and are related to bacterial polynucleotide phosphorylates. Over the past years structural and biochemical...

..., polyphosphate kinase RNase PH, phosphate-dependent RNase exosome PNPase RNA helicase RNase E Biochemical Society Transactions (2002) Volume 30, part 2 The Escherichia coli RNA degradosome: structure, function and relationship to other ribonucleolytic multienyzme complexes A. J. Carpousis...