... and cognitive phenotypes relevant to ASD. These models have identified disturbed excitation-inhibition neurotransmitter balance, evidenced by dysfunctional glutamate and GABA signalling, as a key aetiological mechanism. These models also provide emerging evidence for serotoninergic neurotransmitter system...

...Ana Pavić; Alexandra O. M. Holmes; Vincent L. G. Postis; Adrian Goldman Glutamate transporters play important roles in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Their function in the mammalian central nervous system is essential for preventing excitotoxicity, and their dysregulation is implicated in many...

... to operate. Whereas glutamate binds to the NR2 subunit, a co-agonist (glycine or D -serine) interacts with the NR1 subunit [ 1 ]. D -Serine, a D -amino acid enriched in the brain [ 3 ], is now appreciated as a major co-agonist of NMDARs. Two different approaches have been employed to access the role...

... homoeostasis. GS (glutamine synthetase), which catalyses the ATP-dependent condensation of ammonia and glutamate to form glutamine, is an enzyme particularly found in astrocytes. GS plays a pivotal role in glutamate and glutamine homoeostasis, orchestrating astrocyte glutamate uptake/release and the glutamate...

... spontaneous action potentials, allowing the presynaptic control of glutamate exocytosis to be studied. Recent developments have greatly increased the sensitivity with which the bioenergetics of the intra-synaptosomal mitochondria can be investigated. 4AP 4-aminopyridine AA arachidonic acid...

...Sarah M. Mizielinska; Sam M. Greenwood; Hemanth Tummala; Christopher N. Connolly Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system playing critical roles in basal synaptic transmission and mechanisms of learning and memory. Under normal conditions, glutamate...

... A receptor (GABA A R) glutamate glycine malt whisky N -methyl- D -aspartate receptor (NMDAR) Before examining the effects of the three malt whiskies on NMDAR-mediated currents, we confirmed that none of our chosen brands possessed any intrinsic agonist activity. As can be seen from Figure 1...

...Peter R. Moult Glutamate and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) are the predominant excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian CNS (central nervous system) respectively, and as such have undergone intense investigation. Given their predominance, it is no wonder that the reciprocal...

...David G. Nicholls Chronic exposure to glutamate (glutamate excitotoxicity) exacerbates neuronal damage in the aftermath of stroke and is implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria play a central role in the survival or death of the exposed neuron. Calcium, oxidative stress...

...Timothy O'Leary; David J.A. Wyllie Subtypes of NMDARs ( N -methyl- D -aspartate receptors) display differences in their pharmacological and biophysical properties. The differences are, to a large extent, determined by the identities of the GluN2 (glutamate-binding) NMDAR subunits that are co...

...G.P. Reynolds; M.K. Harte There is an accumulation of evidence for abnormalities in schizophrenia of both the major neurotransmitter systems of the brain – those of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) and glutamate. Initial studies have found deficits in the putative neuronal marker, N -acetylaspartate...

...R. Simon; Z. Xiong Intracellular calcium toxicity remains the central feature in the pathophysiology of ischaemic cell death in brain. Glutamate-gated channels have been thought to be the major sites of ischaemia-induced toxic calcium entry, but the failure of glutamate antagonists in clinical...

...F.J.S. Lee; F. Liu Considerable evidence has accumulated describing a complex interaction between the dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways. Efforts to describe the mechanisms underlying this complex interaction have implicated a functional interaction between dopamine and glutamate receptors...

.... 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed (email [email protected] ). © 2004 The Biochemical Society 2004 cytochrome oxidase glia glutamate hypoxia inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) Both NO (nitric oxide) and hypoxia acutely inhibit mitochondrial respiration...

... of their ionic dependence, kinetics of transport and specificity of inhibitors. Almost 90°% of l cystine transport is by a low-affinity, sodium-dependent mechanism ( K m = 473 ± 146 μM), that is mediated by the X AG -family of glutamate transporters. Both l glutamate (IC 50 = 9.1 ± 0.4 μM) and l cysteine...