...Naila Rabbani; Fozia Shaheen; Attia Anwar; Jinit Masania; Paul J. Thornalley Glyoxalase- and methylglyoxal-related research has required the development of quantitative and reliable techniques for the measurement of methylglyoxal-derived glycation adducts of protein and DNA. There are also other...

... is glycation that occurs when reducing sugars react non-enzymatically with proteins. This reaction also happens when the dicarbonyl compounds GO (glyoxal) and MG (methylglyoxal), which are glucose derivatives, react with proteins. These compounds can be detoxified by the glyoxalase system composed of two...

... of enzymatic defence against dicarbonyl glycation, particularly by endogenous methylglyoxal, now seems secure. We are now in an era of investigation of the regulation of the glyoxalase system where a role in aging and disease, physiological stress and drug resistance and development of healthier foods and new...

...Reiko Inagi Glycation is one of the important reactions regulating physiological state, and glycative stress, namely an overwhelming and unfavourable glycation state, is established as a pathological factor. Glycative stress is closely associated with not only various kidney diseases, but also...

...Mingzhan Xue; Naila Rabbani; Paul J. Thornalley The glyoxalase system is an important component of the enzymatic defence against glycation, preventing particularly quantitatively and functionally important glycation of protein and DNA by methylglyoxal. Expression of genes encoding Glo1 (glyoxalase...

...Naila Rabbani; Paul J. Thornalley Methylglyoxal is a potent protein-glycating agent. It is an arginine-directed glycating agent and often modifies functionally important sites in proteins. Glycation forms mainly MG-H1 [ N δ -(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)ornithine] residues. MG-H1 content...

... of antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide, identified as a screening marker and marker of disease progression, has been proposed. Studies of glycation in arthritis have focused mostly on levels of AGEs (advanced glycation end-products), N ε -carboxymethyl-lysine and pentosidine. There was a weak...

... interference in methylglyoxal and glyoxal estimations. This interference is blocked by the addition of sodium azide in the derivatizing buffer. Estimates of methylglyoxal concentration thereby obtained are in keeping with those predicted by systems modelling of methylglyoxal glycation kinetics in situ...

...Naila Rabbani; Paul J. Thornalley Protection of mitochondrial proteins from glycation by endogenous dicarbonyl compounds, methylglyoxal and glyoxal, was found recently to prevent increased formation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative and nitrosative damage to the proteome during aging...

... cardiovascular function. Physiologically, collagen and elastin fibres are enzymatically cross-linked to form matrix. In addition to these enzymatically formed cross-links, collagen fibres may be linked non-enzymatically, most notably by formation of AGEs (advanced glycation end-products). AGEs are formed...

...M.J.C. Crabbe Kinetic studies on the AR (aldose reductase) protein have shown that it does not behave as a classical enzyme in relation to ring aldose sugars. As with non-enzymatic glycation reactions, there is probably a free-radical element involved derived from monosaccharide autoxidation...

...A. Ponces Freire; A. Ferreira; R. Gomes; C. Cordeiro Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an outstanding cellular model for metabolic studies in glycation. Due to its high glycolytic activity, it produces methylglyoxal, a highly reactive intracellular glycation agent, at a rate of approx. 0.1...

...P.J. Thornalley Glycation of nucleotides in DNA forms AGEs (advanced glycation end-products). Nucleotide AGEs are: the imidazopurinone derivative dG-G {3-(2´-deoxyribosyl)-6,7-dihydro-6,7-dihydroxyimidazo[2,3-b]purin-9(8)one}, CMdG ( N 2 -carboxymethyldeoxyguanosine) and gdC (5...

...N. Ahmed; P.J. Thornalley Glycation of proteins forms fructosamines and AGEs (advanced glycation end products). Oxidative and nitrosative stress leads to the formation of oxidative and nitrosative modifications. The modified amino acid residues formed in these processes are biomarkers of protein...

...A. Foerster; T. Henle Pyrraline [∊-(2´-formyl-5´-hydroxymethyl-pyrrolyl)- l -norleucin] belongs to the group of AGEs (advanced glycation end-products) formed in the final stage of the Maillard reaction in foods and in vivo . As it is generally accepted that AGEs are pathophysiologically relevant...

...P.J. Thornalley Glycation of proteins, nucleotides and basic phospholipids by glucose, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone and other saccharide derivatives is potentially damaging to the proteome and mutagenic. It is now recognized that there is an enzymatic defence against glycation – a group...

... spontaneously from α-oxoaldehyde and GSH, to S -2-hydroxyacylglutathione derivatives [RCOCH(OH)-SG→RCH(OH)CO-SG], and in so doing decreases the steady-state concentrations of physiological α-oxoaldehydes and associated glycation reactions. Physiological substrates of glyoxalase I are methylglyoxal, glyoxal...

... far. For this reason, introduction of deglycating enzymes as anti-aging strategy would be desirable. This article provides an update on amadoriase enzymes from fungi which, one day, will hopefully help prevent the in vivo consequences of glycation. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed (e...

...G. Delpierre; E. Van Schaftingen The in vivo formation of fructosamines following non-enzymatic reaction of proteins with glucose (i.e. glycation) was first described almost 30 years ago. Until recently, the only known fate of fructosamines in mammalian cells was their spontaneous conversion...

... of the F3K pathway by feeding glycated casein causes an increase of 10–20-fold in plasma levels of 3DG and 3-fold in kidney tubules. Consequences of this increase were studied in two systems: the Eker rat, a model of susceptible kidney tubules; and birth rates in two rat strains. In both cases substantial...

...P.J. Beisswenger; S.K. Howell; R.G. Nelson; M. Mauer; B.S. Szwergold The factors responsible for variable susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy are not clear. According to the non-enzymatic glycation hypothesis, diabetes-related tissue damage occurs due to a complex mixture of toxic products...

... profiles and to modify therapeutic strategy accordingly. 1 e-mail [email protected]. 679th Meeting of the Biochemical Society held at the University of Essex, Colchester, 2–4 July 2003 19 June 2003 © 2003 Biochemical Society 2003 advanced glycation end product (AGE...