..., nitrated lipids, or species bearing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moieties, and can be detected at concentrations that range from picomolar (e.g. 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid) to micromolar levels (e.g. acrolein or 4-hydroxynonenal). The modification of proteins by electrophilic lipids is known as lipoxidation...

..., such as carboxymethyl-lysine, carboxyethyl-lysine and hydroimidazolones, may, in fact, be ALEs (advanced lipoxidation end-products), derived from lipids. Increased lipid peroxidation and accelerated ALE formation, possibly catalysed by hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress, may be the mechanistic link between...