... with Portland Press and the Biochemical Society under a transformative agreement with JISC. liver pancreas reprogramming transcription factor transdifferentiation The history of cell reprogramming, or the manipulation of cellular identity, spans a century of technological and conceptual...

... 2014 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2014 Biochemical Society 2014 liver metaplasia pancreas reprogramming transdifferentiation The term ‘metaplasia’ refers to the irreversible conversion of one differentiated cell or tissue type into another and can arise in a number...

...David C. Clarke; Douglas A. Lauffenburger Inflammation is a key physiological response to infection and injury and, although usually beneficial, it can also be damaging to the host. The liver is a prototypical example in this regard because inflammation helps to resolve liver injury, but it also...

... of differentiation. miR - 122 is a highly liver-specific miRNA that is important in hepatitis C virus infection, cholesterol metabolism and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present review, we discuss the effects of miR - 122 on liver physiology and pathology. Recent evidence of pathways involved in the regulation...

...Svetlana Lutsenko Wilson's disease is a severe human disorder of copper homoeostasis. The disease is associated with various mutations in the ATP7B gene that encodes a copper-transporting ATPase, and a massive accumulation of copper in the liver and several other tissues. The most frequent disease...

... in methionine metabolism occur in several animal models of alcoholic liver injury, and it is also altered in patients with liver disease. Both high and low levels of SAMe predispose to liver injury. In this regard, knockout mouse models have been developed for the enzymes responsible for SAMe synthesis...

... of NADPH oxidases. Several NOX isoforms are expressed in the liver and pancreatic β-cells. There is now evidence that inappropriate activation of NOX enzymes may damage the liver and pancreatic β-cells. In the context of the metabolic syndrome, the emerging epidemic of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis...

.... Neural sensing of insulin levels appears to participate in control of hepatic glucose production in rodents, but a role for brain insulin sensing has not been documented in dogs or humans. The primary effect of insulin on the liver is its direct action. In order to determine the role of brain insulin...

... resistance liver trans-sulfuration Since the observation, by McCully [ 1 ], of severe arteriosclerotic lesions in children with HHcy (hyperhomocysteinaemia) and homocysteinuria, a large number of studies have linked moderate HHcy to atherosclerotic disease. Mean plasma tHcy [total Hcy (homocysteine...

... types of remnants. These findings indicate that the type of fat in the diet directly affects VLDL lipid secretion on delivery to the liver in chylomicron remnants. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed (email isoldado@rvc.ac.uk ). 18 12 2007 © 2007 Biochemical Society 2007...

...M.C. Wright The PXR (pregnane X receptor) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that is activated by a range of endobiotics and xenobiotics. The activated PXR modulates the transcription of genes in hepatocytes (the main functional cell of the liver) associated with endobiotic and xenobiotic...

...B. Leighton; A. Atkinson; M.P. Coghlan The monomeric enzyme GK (glucokinase) has a low affinity for glucose and, quantitatively, is largely expressed in the liver and pancreatic β-cells, playing a key ‘glucose sensing’ role to regulate hepatic glucose balance and insulin secretion. Mutations of GK...

... peripherally, while it appears impaired in the liver [Goudriaan, Dahlmans, Teusink, Ouwens, Febbraio, Maassen, Romijn, Havekes, and Voshol (2003) J. Lipid. Res. 44 , 2270–2277; and Hajri, Han, Bonen and Abumrad (2002) J. Clin. Invest. 109 , 1381–1389]. Tissues such as muscle, which normally express high levels...

... representative of the tissue from which they derive. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Xcellsyz Ltd (E-mail peter@xcellsyz.com ) 9 4 2002 © 2002 Biochemical Society 2002 adipocytes liver muscle t-antigen Biochemical Society Transactions (2002) Volume 30, part 4...

...David Tosh; Chia-Ning Shen; Jonathan M. W. Slack Transdifferentiation is the name used to describe the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another. During development, the liver and pancreas arise from the same region of the endoderm and cells from the two organs can transdifferentiate...

...P. Ferré; M. Foretz; D. Azzout-Marniche; D. Bécard; F. Foufelle Effects of insulin on the expression of liver-specific genes are part of the adaptive mechanisms aimed at maintaining energy homeostasis in mammals. When the diet is rich in carbohydrates, secreted insulin stimulates the expression...

...- hydrogenase complex (PDC) is an important component of the regulation of glucose homoeo- ~ ~ Key words : heart, liver, muscle, peroxisome-prolifetator-activated receptor a, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Abbreviations used: CPT, camitine palmitoyltransferase; FA, fatty acid; PDC...