... of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Mupirocin inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the active site of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IleRS), which prevents the enzyme from binding isoleucine and ATP for Ile-tRNA Ile synthesis. Two types of IleRS are found in bacteria — while IleRS1...

... a few and import the rest [ 20 ], whilst human mtDNA encodes 22, which constitute the entire repertoire of mt-tRNAs necessary for protein synthesis [ 5 ]. This number is reduced compared with the cytosol by invoking the use of a wobble base and by having a single mt-tRNA Met , appropriately matured...

... ) A pseudouridine synthase module is essential for mitochondrial protein synthesis and cell viability . EMBO Rep. 18 , 28 – 38 10.15252/embr.201643391 27 Bogenhagen , D.F. , Ostermeyer-Fay , A.G. , Haley , J.D. and Garcia-Diaz , M. ( 2018 ) Kinetics and mechanism of mammalian...

...Estelle Dacheux; Helena Firczuk; John E.G. McCarthy Yeast commits approximately 76% of its energy budget to protein synthesis and the efficiency and control of this process are accordingly critical to organism growth and fitness. We now have detailed genetic, biochemical and biophysical knowledge...

... in the regulation of protein synthesis and for identifying the pathological basis of mutations resulting in VWM. The identification of GDF activity and GTP binding by eIF2Bγ provide us with further clues for activities that could be affected by these mutations, whereas the increasing structural information...

..., the stage in mRNA translation that consumes almost all the energy and amino acids consumed by protein synthesis. In addition to activation by Ca/CaM, eEF2K is also regulated by an array of other regulatory inputs, which include inhibition by the nutrient- and growth-factor activated signalling pathways...

... extended to treatment of chronic neurodegenerative diseases in two mouse models. Concurrently studies have demonstrated the importance of the regulation of protein synthesis, translation, to the cooling response, which is also emerging as a targetable process in neurodegeneration. Through these studies...

... on internal and external conditions in the cell, is thus a central problem in understanding the biology of diseases. disease protein synthesis ribosome robustness translation Translation UK 2013: An Independent Meeting held at the University of Kent, U.K., 4–5 July 2013. Organized...

... T.J. Dedon P.C. Reprogramming of tRNA modifications controls the oxidative stress response by codon-biased translation of proteins Nat. Commun. 2012 3 937 16 Walsh D. Mathews M.B. Mohr I. Tinkering with translation: protein synthesis in virus-infected cells Cold...

..., cell growth and cell division. We have studied the impact of inhibiting mTOR on protein synthesis in human cells. Partial inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin has only a limited impact on protein synthesis, but inhibiting mTOR kinase activity causes much greater inhibition of protein synthesis. Using...

...Marina V. Rodnina; Wolfgang Wintermeyer Translocation of tRNA and mRNA through the ribosome is one of the most dynamic events during protein synthesis. In the cell, translocation is catalysed by EF-G (elongation factor G) and driven by GTP hydrolysis. Major unresolved questions are: how...

... compilation © 2010 Biochemical Society 2010 mitochondrion protein synthesis release factor stop codon translation termination Mitochondria are vital organelles that are present in all nucleated cells of higher eukaryotes. They play critical roles in many processes, including calcium...

...Graham D. Pavitt; Christopher G. Proud Protein synthesis (also termed mRNA translation) is a key step in the expression of a cell's genetic information, in which the information contained within the coding region of the mRNA is used to direct the synthesis of the new protein, a process...

...Christopher G. Proud Signalling through mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) is important in controlling many cell functions, including protein synthesis, which it activates. mTORC1 signalling is activated by stimuli which promote protein accumulation such as anabolic hormones, growth...

... at the initiation phase of protein synthesis [ 5 – 10 ] and the other at a stage post-initiation [ 11 – 14 ]. There are large bodies of data to support both hypotheses, and the different mechanisms observed with endogenous mRNAs could be explained by evolutionary variation [ 1 , 8 , 11 , 13 ]. However...

... strategy is capable of generating a large number of stable three-dimensional folds that display a diverse range of highly specific functions in a variety of biological processes. The present review focuses on pseudoknots that act in the regulation of protein synthesis using cellular and viral examples...

...M.G. MacKenzie; D.L. Hamilton; J.T. Murray; K. Baar Resistance-exercise training results in a progressive increase in muscle mass and force production. Following an acute bout of resistance exercise, the rate of protein synthesis increases proportionally with the increase in protein degradation...

... and protein synthesis, a process referred to as synaptic consolidation. Several lines of evidence have implicated endogenous BDNF–TrkB signalling in synaptic consolidation. This mini-review emphasizes new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. The immediate early gene Arc (activity...

... protein synthesis ribosome–mRNA pair synthetic biology The ribosome is a 2.5 MDa molecular machine that converts the information encoded in mRNA into protein [ 1 ]. In bacterial cells, the ribosome is most commonly directed to mRNAs by sequences 5′ to the mRNA start codon known as a Shine...

...T.L. Hamilton; M. Stoneley; K.A. Spriggs; M. Bushell Upon cell-cycle arrest or nutrient deprivation, the cellular rate of ribosome production is reduced significantly. In mammalian cells, this effect is achieved in part through a co-ordinated inhibition of RP (ribosomal protein) synthesis. More...

... binds to double-stranded RNA. artificial internal ribosome entry segment (artificial IRES) internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) internal ribosome entry segment trans -acting factor (ITAF) polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) protein synthesis translation This work was funded...

...M. Bushell; M. Stoneley; P. Sarnow; A.E. Willis The induction of apoptosis leads to a substantial inhibition of protein synthesis. During this process changes to the translation-initiation factors, the ribosome and the cellular level of mRNA have been documented. However, it is by no means clear...

... Protein Kinase, a Biochemical Society-sponsored meeting held at University of Dundee, Scotland, 12–14 September 2002 10 September 2002 Copyright 2003 Biochemical Society 2003 apoptosis glycolysis Pasteur Effect protein synthesis Abbreviations used: AMPK, AMP-activated...

...V. Márquez; D. N. Wilson; K. H. Nierhaus The ribosome translates the genetic information of an mRNA molecule into a sequence of amino acids. The ribosome utilizes tRNAs to connect elements of the RNA and protein worlds during protein synthesis, i.e. an anticodon as a unit of genetic information...

...C. G. Proud; X. Wang; J. V. Patel; L. E. Campbell; M. Kleijn; W. Li; G. J. Browne Protein synthesis in mammalian cells is regulated through alterations in the states of phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factors and elongation factors (eIFs and eEFs respectively) and of other regulatory...