... interactions may trigger signaling pathways that are distinct and independent from G proteins. The non-visual GPCRs encompass hundreds of receptors with varying phosphorylation patterns and amino acid sequences, which are regulated by only two human non-visual arrestin isoforms. This review describes recent...

...Fabiola N. Velazquez; Chiara Luberto; Daniel Canals; Yusuf A. Hannun Sphingolipids (SLs) constitute a discrete subdomain of metabolism, and they display both structural and signaling functions. Accumulating evidence also points to intimate connections between intermediary metabolism and SL...

... of 11 Cav1 monomers each, which further assemble modularly to form higher-order scaffolds and caveolae. In addition, Cav1 can act as a critical signaling regulator capable of direct interactions with multiple client proteins, in particular, the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), a role...

...Mubashir Mintoo; Vinodh Rajagopalan; John P. O'Bryan Intersectin (ITSN) is a multi-domain scaffold protein with a diverse array of functions including regulation of endocytosis, vesicle transport, and activation of various signal transduction pathways. There are two ITSN genes located...

...Kai Zhang; Victoria Chan; Roberto J. Botelho; Costin N. Antonescu Cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol along with the latter's phosphorylated derivative phosphoinositides, control a wide range of cellular functions from signal transduction, membrane traffic, mitochondrial function, cytoskeletal...

... genetically encoded voltage biosensors with improved signal-to-noise ratio and kinetics in cultured neurons and in rodents. Microfluidic droplet screening is an advanced high-throughput screening method that builds upon microfluidic cytometry. This technique allows encapsulating single cells within...

... infections. poxvirus protein phosphatases signaling Figure 4. Strategies to target H1 phosphatases. Scheme showing four targeting strategies: active site inhibitor, bidentate/multidentate inhibitor, allosteric inhibitor and dimerization inhibitor/disruptor. All authors contributed...

... of their potential roles in development and disease, including vascular diseases, inflammation and various cancers. Recent structural data is providing important insights into their functions, which are complex, involving both intrinsic signaling through cytoplasmic binding partners and co-operative mechanisms where...

... signaling to mTORC1 through the Rag GTPases. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) sensor for the mTORC1 (SAMTOR) is known as the SAM sensor and inhibits mTORC1 signaling. In the absence of SAM, SAMTOR interacts with GATOR1 and KICSTOR to inhibit mTORC1 [ 74 , 75 ]. SAM, which is synthesized from methionine...

...Adrián F. Alvarez; Dimitris Georgellis Two-component systems (TCSs) are modular signaling circuits that regulate diverse aspects of microbial physiology in response to environmental cues. These molecular circuits comprise a sensor histidine kinase (HK) protein that contains a conserved histidine...

... defense cOA CRISPR nuclease signaling CRISPR–Cas is an adaptive immune system in prokaryotes that provides sequence-specific immunity against mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as phages, transposons and (conjugative) plasmids, although other non-immune functions have been identified as well...

... and the functions of the dynamics in the regulation of p53-dependent cell stress responses. We also compare dynamic encoding in the p53 system with that found in other important cell signaling systems, many of which can interact with the p53 network. Finally, we highlight some of the current challenges...

... that integrates metabolic signals and adapts cellular metabolism and functions to nutritional changes and stress. Feedforward and feedback loops, crosstalks and a plethora of modulators finely balance MTOR-driven anabolic and catabolic processes. This complexity renders it difficult — if not impossible...

... of individual PDGFRs upon activation, revealing the importance of the whole receptor in the propagation of extracellular ligand binding and dimerization. Furthermore, we review ongoing research demonstrating the significance of receptor internalization and signal attenuation in the regulation of PDGFR activity...

... (ITK), a mediator of T cell Receptor signaling, plays a critical role in tuning the development of these effector cells. In this review we discussed the role that signals downstream of ITK, including the Ras/MAPK pathway, play in differentially controlling the differentiation of T H 17, Foxp3 + T...

...Maurizio Mongiat; Simone Buraschi; Eva Andreuzzi; Thomas Neill; Renato V. Iozzo The extracellular matrix is a network of secreted macromolecules that provides a harmonious meshwork for the growth and homeostatic development of organisms. It conveys multiple signaling cascades affecting specific...

... interactions with GEFs, GAPs and effectors through colocalization and positional matching. Furthermore, it leads to small GTPase nanoclustering and to lipid demixing, which drives the assembly of molecular platforms in which proteins and lipids co-operate in producing high-fidelity signals through feedback...

... is still unclear, there is compelling evidence that a phosphorylation cascade downstream from the insulin receptor (IR) triggers directional movement of GLUT4 vesicles and fusion with the PM [ 18 ]. Currently, the most distal targets of the IR signaling cascade projecting to the GLUT4 translocation pathway...

... by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society 2018 cell death molecular disease signaling Neurodegenerative disorders are expected to continue to increase. This is a result of the advancing age of the global population and the progressive increase in lifespan. For example...

... structure prediction toward accuracies approaching the experimental resolution limit. Going beyond structure prediction, the same mathematical framework allows mimicking evolutionary fitness landscapes to infer signaling interactions, epistasis, or mutational landscapes. Correspondence: Alexander...

...Galina Semenova; Jonathan Chernoff p21-Activated kinase 1 (PAK1) has attracted much attention as a potential therapeutic target due to its central role in many oncogenic signaling pathways, its frequent dysregulation in cancers and neurological disorders, and its tractability as a target for small...

... in eukaryotes and have been implicated in different cellular processes, including vesicular trafficking, signal transduction, and lipid metabolism. Recent studies suggest that PITPs function at membrane contact sites (MCSs) to facilitate the transport of PI from its synthesis site at the endoplasmic reticulum...