... TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2), MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88) and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) complex formation. S. aureus stimulated Akt, JNK1/2 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2) and p42/p44 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation, which were inhibited by resveratrol...

... myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) systemic sclerosis Toll-like receptor tumour-necrosis-factor-receptor-associated factor (TRAF) TLRs are chiefly involved with the eradication of pathogens; however, TLRs are also necessary for the maintenance of intestinal homoeostasis through...

... activation of TLR signalling propagates vascular oxidative stress and thereby accelerates the advancement of hypertension and heart failure. developmental programming metabolic syndrome oxidative stress pro-inflammation Toll-like receptor Correspondence: Dr Jennifer A. Thompson...

...Ellen H. A. M. Elsenberg; Dik Versteeg; Jan-Willem Sels; Pieter-Jan J. Vlaar; Monique G. G. Hobbelink; Maarten-Jan M. Cramer; Dominique P. V. de Kleijn; René A. Tio; Bart J. G. L. de Smet; Pieter A. Doevendans; Imo E. Hoefer; Gerard Pasterkamp TLR (Toll-like receptor) activation-induced...

.... Evidence from experimental animal models as well as humans has indicated that systemic inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiological processes of diabetes and is facilitated by innate immune responses. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are key innate immune receptors that recognize conserved PAMPs (pathogen...

...Ruth Broering; Mengji Lu; Joerg F. Schlaak TLRs (Toll-like receptors), as evolutionarily conserved germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, have a crucial role in early host defence by recognizing so-called PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and may serve as an important link...

...Mark L. Hanke; Tammy Kielian The discovery of mammalian TLRs (Toll-like receptors), first identified in 1997 based on their homology with Drosophila Toll, greatly altered our understanding of how the innate immune system recognizes and responds to diverse microbial pathogens. TLRs...

... cells) and pDCs (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry in fresh blood, and after overnight incubation with TLR (Toll-like receptor)-4 or -7 ligands LPS (lipopolysaccharide) or IQ (imiquimod). DC function was measured by IL (interleukin)-12 and IFN (interferon)-α...

...Nazia Chaudhuri; Steven K. Dower; Moira K. B. Whyte; Ian Sabroe TLRs (Toll-like receptors) comprise a family of proteins whose function is principally to facilitate the detection of, and response to, pathogens. Protozoa, helminths, viruses, bacteria and fungi can all activate TLR signalling...