... activation states. M1 and M2 macrophages are two polarized forms of mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation with distinct phenotypic patterns and functional properties, but in vivo , there is a wide range of different macrophage phenotypes in between depending on the microenvironment and natural...

... the dynamics of adipocytes under physiological conditions in vivo . Correspondence: Shihuan Kuang ( [email protected] ) © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society 2019 adipocyte dedifferentiation differentiation metabolism obesity...

...Rocio Rojo; Clare Pridans; David Langlais; David A. Hume The proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells of the macrophage lineage depends upon signals from the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) receptor (CSF1R). CSF1R is expressed by embryonic macrophages and induced early...

... in this tissue include homoeostatic regulation of intestinal cell proliferation/differentiation and modulation of inflammation associated with inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Analysis of mouse epithelial cells in the intestine and colon has clearly demonstrated that ligand activation of PPARβ/δ...

...Cecilia Annerén Pluripotent ES (embryonic stem) cells can be expanded in culture and induced to differentiate into a wide range of cell types. Self-renewal of ES cells involves proliferation with concomitant suppression of differentiation. Some critical and conserved pathways regulating self...

...-fetoprotein or total BAs was found. These results suggest that Δ 4 - and/or allo-BAs are particularly elevated in patients with HCC, which may be a potentially useful complementary, rather than alternative, marker for early detection of liver neoplasia. allo-cholic acid cancer differentiation marker...

... and differentiation of preadipocytes, a process which occurs throughout life. Decreases in adipocyte number occur via preadipocyte and adipocyte apoptosis, and possibly adipocyte dedifferentiation. 3. Overall regulation of adipose mass involves endocrine, paracrine and possibly autocrine systems. Hypothalamic centres...