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Keywords: mTOR
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Published: 06 February 2025
Figure 1: Hormones are chemically diverse. Human hormones or hormone families are listed, together with an approximate molecular weight and an indication of the compound class. This list has been taken from the UK Society for Endocrinology’s educational website www.yourhormones.info , with minor... More about this image found in Hormones are chemically diverse. Human hormones or hormone families are li...
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Published: 06 February 2025
Figure 2: If you send out a hormonal message, make sure you send it in sufficient quantities. A message-in-a-bottle thrown into an ocean equates to ONE particle within that vast volume of liquid. How would it be if some gland in our body secreted ONE molecule of a hormone, just one copy of the ho... More about this image found in If you send out a hormonal message, make sure you send it in sufficient qua...
Images
Published: 06 February 2025
Figure 3: Peter Medawar’s endocrine dictum. “For ‘endocrine evolution’ is not an evolution of hormones but an evolution of the use to which they are put.” A lot has been written by Peter Medawar and about him. He made major contributions about graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune ... More about this image found in Peter Medawar’s endocrine dictum. “For ‘endocrine evolution’ is not an evo...
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Published: 06 February 2025
Figure 4: A narrated timeline for the evolution of the vitamin D3 signaling system. For our ’sunshine hormone’ to regulate all the processes, it regulates these days, several molecular entities had to evolve. This is a ‘narrated’ timeline only, because it might be difficult to establish an exact ... More about this image found in A narrated timeline for the evolution of the vitamin D3 signaling system. ...
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Published: 06 February 2025
Figure 5: Are steroids “good” hormones? There is a whole group of steroid-based signaling molecules: the mineralocorticoid aldosterone regulates salt balance and blood pressure. The well-known stress hormone cortisol makes us fit for a stressful life. Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone all... More about this image found in Are steroids “good” hormones? There is a whole group of steroid-based sign...
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Published: 06 February 2025
Figure 6: What is an endocrine gland? Chemical compounds are secreted by all sorts of cells. Depending on how far they travel to their target cells, endocrinologists use all sorts of technical terms. These are shown here in a schematic by Ferdinand Labrie, already in 1991, and again in a modified... More about this image found in What is an endocrine gland? Chemical compounds are secreted by all sorts o...
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Published: 06 February 2025
Figure 7: Axes everywhere. An artistic representation of the human endocrine network where glands are connected by molecular tracks. The present article invites endocrine education to explore other metaphors than axes. See main text for details. This artistic representation of the endocrine syste... More about this image found in Axes everywhere. An artistic representation of the human endocrine network...
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Published: 06 February 2025
Figure 8: Only four different classes of hormone receptors exist in our bodies. The hormones from our initial list are grouped into five groups according to their chemical makeup. For each of the hormones, the main receptor class is shown. The figure should mainly indicate that the classification... More about this image found in Only four different classes of hormone receptors exist in our bodies. The ...
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Journal:
Essays in Biochemistry
Essays Biochem (2024) 68 (5): 607–619.
Published: 17 December 2024
Includes: Supplementary data
Articles
Articles
Ruweyda Sayid, Anne W.M. van den Hurk, Daniela Rothschild-Rodriguez, Hilde Herrema, Patrick A. de Jonge, Franklin L. Nobrega
Journal:
Essays in Biochemistry
Essays Biochem (2024) 68 (5): 583–592.
Published: 17 December 2024
Articles
Articles
Max J. Cheetham, Yunlong Huo, Maria Stroyakovski, Li Cheng, Daniel Wan, Anne Dell, Joanne M. Santini
Journal:
Essays in Biochemistry
Essays Biochem (2024) 68 (5): 661–677.
Published: 17 December 2024
Articles
Images
in A roadmap of isolating and investigating bacteriophage infecting human gut anaerobes
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 1 Characteristics of phage isolates targeting human gut obligate anaerobic bacteria and corresponding articles (A) The hosts of phage isolates targeting human gut obligate anaerobes. The numbers represent the quantity of the corresponding phages. (B) The isolation sources of phage isol... More about this image found in Characteristics of phage isolates targeting human gut obligate anaerobic ba...
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in A roadmap of isolating and investigating bacteriophage infecting human gut anaerobes
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 2 Strategies for precisely isolating phages targeting gut bacteria (A) The classical method. (B) The enrichment method. (C) The fermentation method. (D) The metagenomic analysis-based method. Above the red dashed line is the pre-treatment step. Above the green dashed line is the en... More about this image found in Strategies for precisely isolating phages targeting gut bacteria (A) The...
Images
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 1 Phage genomes in sequence databases and One Health applications ( A ) Bars represent the number of phage genomes in the INPHARED database (as of September 2024), grouped by family and coloured by realm in descending order. The number of genomes per family is noted in parentheses. Taxa wi... More about this image found in Phage genomes in sequence databases and One Health applications ( A ) Bars...
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Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 1 Number of Case Reports cited in PubMed by Calendar Year from 1956 to May of 2024 Source: PubMed, accessed June 13, 2024 More about this image found in Number of Case Reports cited in PubMed by Calendar Year from 1956 to May of...
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Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 2 Conceptual model of integrated clinical phage development paradigm The integrated model of the phage clinical development paradigm features an iterative process in which fundamental aspects of phage biology that are potentially relevant to phage therapeutics are evaluated in the laborato... More about this image found in Conceptual model of integrated clinical phage development paradigm The int...
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in Phage-specific antibodies: are they a hurdle for the success of phage therapy?
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 1 Production of phage-specific antibodies ( A ) Phages are phagocytosed by macrophages or dendritic cells. These cells present a phage protein as an antigen on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and activate naïve T cells. ( B ) T helper (Th) cells interact with MHC ... More about this image found in Production of phage-specific antibodies ( A ) Phages are phagocytosed by m...
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in Phage-specific antibodies: are they a hurdle for the success of phage therapy?
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 2 Antibody production after phage or virus infection in mice The order of antibody isotypes produced after phage infection is similar to that after virus infection while the titer or the time of antibody production varies depending on an administration condition. ( A ) Coliphage T4-specifi... More about this image found in Antibody production after phage or virus infection in mice The order of an...
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in Phage-specific antibodies: are they a hurdle for the success of phage therapy?
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 3 Strategies to protect and prolong circulation time of phages in human body ( A ) Capsid modifications such as glycosylation works as shield against phage-specific antibodies. PEGylation of phage can prolong circulation time in human body. ( B ) Engineered phages harboring an immune-escap... More about this image found in Strategies to protect and prolong circulation time of phages in human body ...
Images
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 1 Different recombinant expression platforms and their methods Each group of host cell types depicts the most frequently used methods. Groups are coloured by their respective cell organization. For bacterial or yeast expression (e.g. in E. coli or Bacillus spp., and Saccharomyces cere... More about this image found in Different recombinant expression platforms and their methods Each group of...
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Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 2 Distribution of expression hosts used in phage lysin-related literature between 2019 and 2024 Literature searches were performed on April 12, 2024, from relevant databases (Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus) in, when available, the article title, abstract, keywords, or Me... More about this image found in Distribution of expression hosts used in phage lysin-related literature bet...
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Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 3 Overview of recombinant expression hosts for various categories of phage lysin applications The upper panel depicts the role of lysins in the phage lytic cycle, starting with phage attachment to the host and local PG degradation by virion-associated lysins, allowing injection of genetic ... More about this image found in Overview of recombinant expression hosts for various categories of phage ly...
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in Characteristics of phage-plasmids and their impact on microbial communities
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 1 Overview of phage-plasmid (P-P) transitions between phage and plasmid replication strategies ( A ) The lytic lifestyle is characterised by P-P infection that leads directly to genome replication, virion assembly, and host cell lysis to release progeny into the environment. ( B ) The lyso... More about this image found in Overview of phage-plasmid (P-P) transitions between phage and plasmid repli...
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in Characteristics of phage-plasmids and their impact on microbial communities
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 2 Genomic characteristics of phage-plasmids compared with phages and plasmids Phage-plasmids (P-Ps) are characterised by the presence of both plasmid and phage genes in their genomes and their ability to use both sets of genes for self-replication and better survival. Consequently, P-Ps ha... More about this image found in Genomic characteristics of phage-plasmids compared with phages and plasmids...
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in Characteristics of phage-plasmids and their impact on microbial communities
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 3 Overview of phage-plasmid-mediated gene transfers Phage-plasmids (P-Ps) undertake gene transfers at a frequency half that of plasmids, but triple that of phages. Within these transfers, they most often exchange genes with plasmids. Most of the genes exchanged by P-Ps are currently of unk... More about this image found in Overview of phage-plasmid-mediated gene transfers Phage-plasmids (P-Ps) un...
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in Specificity and diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae phage-encoded capsule depolymerases
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 1 Representation of CPS removal by phage-derived depolymerases K. pneumoniae is surrounded by a capsule polysaccharide (CPS) layer (structural representation shown in blue) serving to protect from antibiotics and the immune system. The CPS is composed of various sugars, with the K2 varia... More about this image found in Representation of CPS removal by phage-derived depolymerases K. pneumonia...
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in Specificity and diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae phage-encoded capsule depolymerases
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 2 Structure illustrations and TM-scores of eight structurally characterised depolymerases ( A ) The tertiary structures for K2 depolymerases Depo32, DpK2 and K2-2, K1 depolymerase NTUH-K2044-K1-1 ORF34 (K1-1 ORF34 for short), K21 depolymerase KP32gp38, K47 depolymerase P560dep, K64 depolym... More about this image found in Structure illustrations and TM-scores of eight structurally characterised d...
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in Specificity and diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae phage-encoded capsule depolymerases
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 3 Polysaccharide depolymerase mechanisms of action Depolymerase mechanisms employed by hydrolases are shown in A (retaining) and B (inverting). The mechanism employed by lyases is shown in C. ( A ) Capsule polysaccharide cleavage by the retaining mechanism needs a gap of 5-6Å between the c... More about this image found in Polysaccharide depolymerase mechanisms of action Depolymerase mechanisms e...
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in Specificity and diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae phage-encoded capsule depolymerases
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 4 Structures of similar Klebsiella capsule polysaccharides Schematic representations of capsule polysaccharide repeat unit structures were sourced from K-PAM ( https://www.iith.ac.in/K-PAM/k_antigen.html ) and are arranged side-by-side in similar pairs. Similar structures with depolymera... More about this image found in Structures of similar Klebsiella capsule polysaccharides Schematic repre...
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in Specificity and diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae phage-encoded capsule depolymerases
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 5 Structures and cleavage sites of Klebsiella capsule polysaccharides Schematic representations of capsule polysaccharide repeat unit structures were sourced from K-PAM ( https://www.iith.ac.in/K-PAM/k_antigen.html ) with the exception of K108 sourced from [ 68 ]. Identified cleavage sit... More about this image found in Structures and cleavage sites of Klebsiella capsule polysaccharides Sche...
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in Specificity and diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae phage-encoded capsule depolymerases
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 17 December 2024
Figure 6 Phylogenetic analysis of experimentally validated Klebsiella CPS depolymerases and the phages which encode them ( A ) Phylogenetic tree of phages encoding experimentally validated depolymerases. The tree was generated using all phage CDS in VICTOR, a method for the genome-based phyloge... More about this image found in Phylogenetic analysis of experimentally validated Klebsiella CPS depolyme...
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in Oxysterol sulfates in fluids, cells and tissues: how much do we know about their clinical significance, biological relevance and biophysical implications?
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 04 December 2024
Figure 1 Structures of sulfate-containing lipids. Structure of sulfate-containing lipids identified in human biological samples bearing a steroid-backbone (blue), a glycerol-backbone (purple) and a sphingosine-backbone (orange). LogP predicted values (ALOGPS model) were taken from Human Metabolom... More about this image found in Structures of sulfate-containing lipids. Structure of sulfate-containing l...
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in Oxysterol sulfates in fluids, cells and tissues: how much do we know about their clinical significance, biological relevance and biophysical implications?
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 04 December 2024
Figure 2 In vivo formation of oxysterol sulfates (green box) from its precursors (blue box). Oxysterol sulfates can be formed via sulfation of oxysterols formed by oxidation of cholesterol, or via oxidation of cholesterol sulfate formed by sulfation of cholesterol. More about this image found in In vivo formation of oxysterol sulfates (green box) from its precursors (b...
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in Oxysterol sulfates in fluids, cells and tissues: how much do we know about their clinical significance, biological relevance and biophysical implications?
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 04 December 2024
Figure 3 Number of publications on oxysterol sulfates. Number of publications retrieved using the search string ‘oxysterol sulfates’ and its precursors ‘oxysterols’ and ‘cholesterol sulfate’ encompassing the period from 1945 to 2023 (PubMed search, assessed 3 January 2024). More about this image found in Number of publications on oxysterol sulfates. Number of publications retri...
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in Oxysterol sulfates in fluids, cells and tissues: how much do we know about their clinical significance, biological relevance and biophysical implications?
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 04 December 2024
Figure 4 Structures of main oxysterols found in vivo . Structures of main oxysterols formed via enzymatic pathways (dark blue) and non-enzymatic pathways (light blue). Oxysterols formed by both routes are delimited by orange oval circle. Oxidative modifications at the rings (ring-oxidised, green... More about this image found in Structures of main oxysterols found in vivo . Structures of main oxystero...
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in Oxysterol sulfates in fluids, cells and tissues: how much do we know about their clinical significance, biological relevance and biophysical implications?
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 04 December 2024
Figure 5 Sub-cellular distribution of main phospholipid classes and cholesterol in plasma membrane and other cell organelles. (Red) PC: Phosphatidylcholine; (light blue) PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine; (purple) PS: Phosphatidylserine; (green) PI: Phosphatidylinositol; (dark blue) SM: sphingomyelin;... More about this image found in Sub-cellular distribution of main phospholipid classes and cholesterol in p...
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in Cardiac arrhythmia in individuals with steroid sulfatase deficiency (X-linked ichthyosis): candidate anatomical and biochemical pathways
> Essays in Biochemistry
Published: 04 December 2024
Figure 1 A theoretical model linking steroid sulfatase deficiency to increased vulnerability to cardiac arrhythmias Icons by Servier https://smart.servier.com/ is licensed under CC-BY 3.0 Unported https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ More about this image found in A theoretical model linking steroid sulfatase deficiency to increased vulne...
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Published: 04 December 2024
Figure 1 Sources of sulfate for PAPS generation Inorganic sulfate is absorbed in the intestine, transported through the blood and enters the cell through tissue specific transporter. Methionine and cysteine are hydrolyzed in the cell to form sulfate. Sulfonated substrates are desulfonated with su... More about this image found in Sources of sulfate for PAPS generation Inorganic sulfate is absorbed in th...
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Published: 04 December 2024
Figure 2 Tubular reabsorption of sulfate Freely filtrated sulfate is reabsorbed into the proximal tubular cell with the sodium/sulfate (NaS1) co-transporter. On the basolateral membrane the anion transporter Sat1 transports sulfate back to the blood. More about this image found in Tubular reabsorption of sulfate Freely filtrated sulfate is reabsorbed int...
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Published: 04 December 2024
Figure 3 Sulfated glycaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix Extracellular matrix consisting of a network of collagen strands interlocked with proteoglycans consisting of a protein core and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. These GAG's comprise of dimers of acetylgalactosamide and glucuronic... More about this image found in Sulfated glycaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix Extracellular matrix...
Articles
Articles
Articles
Emil den Bakker, Desiree E.C. Smith, Martijn J.J. Finken, Mirjam M.C. Wamelink, Gajja S. Salomons, Jiddeke M. van de Kamp, Arend Bökenkamp
Journal:
Essays in Biochemistry
Essays Biochem (2024) 68 (4): 391–399.
Published: 04 December 2024
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